Sinuessa

SINUESSA(Σινούεσσαor Σινόεσσα: Eth. Σινουεσσηνός, Sinuessanus: Mondragone), a city of Latium, in the more extended sense of the name, situated on the Tyrrhenian sea, about 6 miles N. of the mouth of the Vulturnus. It was on the line of the Via Appia, and was the last place where that great highroad touched on the sea-coast. (Strab. 5. p. 233.) It is certain that Sinuessa was not an ancient city; indeed there is no trace of the existence of an Italian town on the spot before the foundation of the Roman colony. Some authors, indeed, mention an obscure tradition that there had previously been a Greek city on the spot which was called Sinope; but little value can be attached to this statement. (Liv. 10.21; Plin. Nat. 3.5. s. 9.) It is certain that if it ever existed, it had wholly disappeared, appeared, and the site was included in the territory of the Ausonian city of Vescia, when the Romans determined to establish simultaneously the two colonies of Minturnae and Sinuessa on the Tyrrhenian sea. (Liv. 10.21.) The name of Sinuessa was derived, according to Strabo, from its situation on the spacious gulf (Sinus), now called the Gulf of Gaeta. (Strab. 5. p. 234.) The object of establishing these colonies was chiefly for the purpose of securing the neighbouring fertile tract of country from the ravages of the Samnites, who had already repeatedly overrun the district. But for this very reason the plebeians at Rome hesitated to give their names, and there was some difficulty found in carrying out the colony, which was, however, settled in the following year, B.C. 296. (Liv. 10.21; Veil. Pat. 1.14.) Sinuessa seems to have rapidly risen into a place of importance; but its territory was severely ravaged by Hannibal in B.C. 217, whose cavalry carried their devastations up to the very gates of the town. (Liv. 22.13, 14.) It subsequently endeavoured, in common with Minturnae and other coloniae maritimae,to establish its exemption from furnishing military levies; but this was overruled, while there was an enemy with an army in Italy. (Id. 7.38.) At a later period (B.C. 191) they again attempted, but with equal ill success, to procure a similar exemption from the naval service. (Id. 36.3.) Its position on the Appian Way doubtless contributed greatly to the prosperity of Sinuessa; for the same reason it is frequently quently incidentally mentioned by Cicero, and we learn that Caesar halted there for a night on his way from Brundusium to Rome, in B.C. 49. (Cic. ad Att. 9.1. 5, 16, 14.8, ad Fam. 12.20.) It is noticed also by Horace on his journey to Brundusium, as the place where he met with his friends Varius and Virgil. (Sat. 1.5. 40.) The fertility of its territory, and especially of the neighbouring ridge of the Mons Massicus, so celebrated for its wines, must also have tended to promote the prosperity of Sinuessa, but we hear little of it under the Roman Empire. It received a body of military colonists, apparently under the Triumvirate ( Lib. Col. p. 237), but did not retain the rank of a Colonia, and is termed by Pliny as well as the Liber Coloniarum only an oppidum,or ordinary municipal town. (Plin. Nat. 3.5. s. 9; Lib. Col. l. c. ) It was the furthest town in Latium, as that term was understood in the days of Strabo and Pliny, or Latium adjectum,as the latter author terms it; and its territory extended to the river Savo, which formed the limit between Latium and Campania. (Strab. v. pp. 219, 231, 233; Plin. Nat. 3.5. s. 9; Mel. 2.4.9.) At an earlier period indeed Polybius reckoned it a town of Campania, and Ptolemy follows the same classification, as he makes the Liris the southern limit of Latium (Plb. 3.91; Ptol. 3.1.6); but the division adopted by Strabo and Pliny is probably the most correct. The Itineraries all notice Sinuessa as a still existing town on the Appian Way, and place it 9 miles from Minturnae, which is, however, considerably below the truth. ( Itin. Ant. p. 108; Itin. Hier. p. 611; Tab. Peut. ) The period of its destruction is unknown.
The ruins of Sinuessa are still visible on the seacoast just below the hill of Mondragone, which forms the last underfall or extremity of the long ridge of Monte Massico.The most important are those of an aqueduct, and of an edifice which appears to have been a triumphal arch; but the whole plain is covered with fragments of ancient buildings. (Cluver. Ital. p. 1080; Romanelli, vol. 3. p. 486.)
At a short distance from Sinuessa were the baths or thermal springs called AQUAE SINUESSANAE which appear to have enjoyed a great reputation among the Romans. Pliny tells us they were esteemed a remedy for barrenness in women and for insanity in men. They are already mentioned by Livy as early as the Second Punic War; and though their fame was eclipsed at a later period by those of Baiae and other fashionable watering-places, they still continued in use under the Empire, and were resorted to among others by the emperor Claudius. (Liv. 22.13; Tac. Ann. 12.66; Plin. Nat. 31.2. s. 4.) It was there, also, that the infamous Tigellinus was compelled to put an end to his own life. (Tac. Hist. 1.72; Plut. Oth. 2.) The mild and warm climate of Sinuessa is extolled by some writers as contributing to the effect of the waters (Tac. Ann. 12.66); hence it is called Sinuessa tepensby Silius Italicus, and mollis Sinuessaby Martial. (Sil. Ital.; Mart. 6.42.) The site of the waters is still called I Bagni, and the remains of Roman buildings still exist there.
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