castrum

castrum, i, n. [kindred with casa, q. v.].

I In sing., any fortified place; a castle , fort , fortress (more rare than castellum): ei Grunium dederat in Phrygiā castrum, etc., Nep. Alcib. 9, 3; Liv. 32. 29, 4; Dig. 27, 1, 17 fin. —

B Esp., nom. propr.

1 Castrum Altum or Album, in Hispania Tarraconensis, Liv. 24, 41, 3.—

2 Castrum Inui, or simply Castrum, an ancient city of the Rutuli , near Ardea , Verg. A. 6, 775; called Castrum, Ov. M. 15, 727; Sil. 8, 359. —

3 Castrum Novum, a city on the seacoast of Etruria , Liv. 36, 3, 6; Plin. 3, 5, 8, § 51.—

4 Another Castrum Novum, on the sea-coast of Picenum , now Giulia Nova , Plin. 3, 13, 18, § 110; also called absol. Castrum, Vell. 1, 14, 8.—

5 Castrum Truentinum, a maritime city of Picenum , on the river Truentus , Cic. Att. 8, 12, B, 1; also called Truentum, Plin. 3, 13, 18, § 110.—

6 Castrum Vergium, a fortress of the Bergistani in Hispania Tarraconensis, now Berga , Liv. 34, 21, 1.—Far more freq.,

II In plur.: castra , ōrum, n. ( castra , ae, f.: castra haec vestra est, Att. ap. Non. p. 200, 30; Trag. Rel. p. 238 Rib.).

A Lit., several soldiers’ tents situated together; hence, a military camp , an encampment; among the Romans a square (quadrata); later, after the manner of the Greeks, sometimes circular, or adjusted to its situation, Veg. Mil. 1, 23. It was surrounded by a trench (fossa) and a wall (vallum), and had four gates: Porta Praetoria, the front, chief gate, on the opp. side from the enemy, from which the legions marched; opp. to this, Porta Decumana (in later times Porta Quaestoria), the back gate; Porta Principalis Dextra, and Porta Principalis Sinistra, situated on the two sides of the camp, Liv. 40, 27, 4 sq.; cf. Dict. of Antiq.—

b Phrases.

α With adj.: stativa, occupied for a long time , permanent , Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 12, § 29; Caes. B. C. 3, 30; 3, 37; Sall. J. 44, 4; Tac. A. 3, 21: aestiva, summer camp , id. ib. 1, 16; Suet. Claud. 1: hiberna, Liv. 29, 35, 13 (more freq. absol. aestiva and hiberna, q. v.): navalia, an encampment on the shore for protecting the fleet and the troops while landing; sometimes connected with the ships drawn to land , Caes. B. G. 5, 22 Herz.; cf. id. ib. 5, 11; Liv. 29, 35, 13; called also nautica, Nep. Alcib. 8, 5; id. Hann. 11, 6 (cf. id. ib. § 4; Liv. 44, 39): lunata, crescent-shaped , Auct. B. Afr. 80.—With numerals : una, Tac. A. 4, 2: bina, Cic. Phil. 12, 11, 27; Liv. 4, 27, 3: quina, Caes. B. C. 3, 9.—

β With verb : locum castris antecapere, Sall. J. 50, 1; cf.: capere locum castris, Liv. 4, 27, 3; 9, 17, 15; and montes castris capere, Tac. A. 12, 55: castra metari, Cael. ap. Non. p. 137, 18; Caes. B. C. 3, 13, 3; Hirt. B. G. 8, 15 al.: facere, Caes. B. G. 1, 48; Nep. Milt. 5, 2; Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 12, § 29 al.: ponere, Caes. B. G. 2, 5; 7, 35; Nep. Hann. 5 fin. : ponere et munire, Sall. J. 75, 7: munire, Caes. B. G. 1, 49; Liv. 44, 39, 1: communire, Caes. B. G. 5, 49; Liv. 23, 28, 3: castra castris conferre, id. 10, 32, 5; 23, 28, 9: castris se tenere, Caes. B. G. 1, 40, 8: castra movere, to break up , to decamp , id. ib. 1, 39 fin. ; also syn. with to march forth from a camp , id. ib. 1, 15 Herz.; 1, 22; 2, 2; Sall. C. 57, 3; Nep. Dat. 8, 4; id. Eum. 12 fin. et saep.—Hence, also, promovere, Caes. B. G. 1, 48: movere retro, Liv. 2, 58, 3: removere, id. 9, 24, 4: proferre, Caes. B. C. 1, 81: castris castra inferre, Enn. Trag. 201 Vahl.—

c Castra Praetoriana, Praetoria, Urbana or simply Castra, the barracks of the Praetorians in the suburbs of Rome , Suet. Tib. 37; id. Claud. 21; Tac. A. 4, 2; Suet. Aug. 29; id. Claud. 36; Dig. 48, 5, 15. —

d Castrorum filius, a surname of Caligula , who was brought up in the camp , Suet. Calig. 22; Aur. Vict. Caes. 3.—So, Castrorum mater, an appellation of Faustina , the wife of the emperor Marcus Aurelius , because she accompanied him in an expedition against the Quadi , Capitol. Marc. Aur. 26.—Hence both appell. in later inscriptions as titles of the Roman emperors and empresses. —

B Esp. as nom. propr. , like castrum.

1 Castra Corneliana or Cornelia, on the north coast of Africa , near Utica , so called because the elder Scipio Africanus first pitched his camp there, after his landing in Africa, in the second Punic war, Caes. B. C. 2, 24; 2, 25; 2, 37; Mel. 1, 7, 2; Plin. 5, 4, 3, § 24.—

2 Castra Caecilia, in Lusitania , Plin. 4, 22, 35, § 117.—

3 Castra Hannibalis, a seaport town in Bruttium , Plin. 3, 10, 15, § 95.—

4 Castra Pyrrhi, a place in Grecian Illyria , Liv. 32, 13, 2.—

5 Castra Vetera or Vetera, a place on the Lower Rhine , now Xanthen , Tac. H. 4, 18; 4, 21; 4, 35; id. A. 1, 45.—

6 Castra Alexandri, a district in Egypt , Curt. 4, 7, 2; Oros. 1, 2.—

C Meton.

1 Since, in military expeditions, a camp was pitched each evening, in the histt. (esp. Livy) for a day’s march : secundis castris ( = bidui itinere) pervenit ad Dium, Liv. 44, 7, 1; so Tac. H. 3, 15; cf.: alteris castris, Liv. 38, 13, 2; Curt. 3, 7.— So tertiis castris, Liv. 38, 13, 11; 38, 24, 1; Tac. H. 4, 71: quartis castris, Liv. 44, 46, 10: quintis castris, Caes. B. G. 7, 36; Liv. 28, 19, 4: septimis castris, id. 40, 22, 1: decimis castris, id. 27, 32 fin. ; 28, 33, 1.—

2 Military service (hence, often opp. forum and toga), Nep. Epam. 5, 4; Vell. 2, 125, 4; Tib. 4, 1, 39: qui magnum in castris usum habebant, Caes. B. G. 1, 39.—

3 Of beehives : cerea, Verg. A. 12, 589: in apium castris, Pall. 1, 37, 4.—

4 Of a sheepfold , Col. 6, 23, 3.—

5 Of political parties , regarded as arrayed in hostility: si ad interdicti sententiam confugis... in meis castris praesidiisque versaris, Cic. Caecin. 29, 83.—

6 Of philosophical sects : Epicuri castra, Cic. Fam. 9, 20, 1: O castra praeclara (Epicuri)! id. ib. 7, 12, 1; Hor. C. 3, 16, 23; Sen. Ep. 2, 4.