dum, conj. [for dium, acc. from dius; cf. diu, Corss. Ausspr. 2, 856], denotes the temporal relation of two actions to cach other,
I As contemporaneous, or,
II As in immediate succession, so that with the commencement of one action the other ceases.
I As contemporaneous.
A Without respect to the limits of the two actions, while , whilst , during the time in which.
1 In gen., construed with the indicative, except in oratio obliqua , where the subjunctive was sometimes used. In Aug. poets and late prose the subjunctive often stands in oratio directa , v. the following).
α Indic. praes. : dum cum hac usuraria Uxore mihi nunc morigero, haec curata sint Fac sis, Plaut. Am. 3, 3, 25; so id. Aul. 4, 2, 14; id. Bacch. 4, 7, 19; Ter. Heaut. 240; Cic. Clu. 32 fin. ; Verg. E. 3, 75; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 190 et saep.— In the praes. histor. : dum haec loquimur, interea loci ad macellum ubi advenimus, etc., Ter. Eun. 255; id. Phorm. 1007; Cic. de Or. 2, 4, 15; id. Div. in Caec. 17, 56: dum haec geruntur, Caesari nuntiatum est, etc., Caes. B. G. 1, 46, 1; cf. these forms of transition, id. ib. 3, 17, 1; 4, 32, 1; 4, 34, 3; 5, 22, 1; 6, 7, 1; 7, 57, 1; id. B. C. 1, 56, 1; 2, 1, 1 et saep. dum ea conquiruntur et conferuntur, nocte intermissa circiter hominum milia VI ad Rhenum contenderunt, Caes. B. G. 1, 27, 4; cf. id. B. C. 1, 37, 1; id. ib. 1, 36, 1; Liv. 21, 7, 1; Verg. G. 4, 559.—In the imperf. : dum haec in Appulia gerebantur, Samnites ... urbem non tenuerunt, Liv. 10, 36 fin. ; 21, 53; 41, 14; Nep. Hann. 2, 4; Tac. Agr. 41; cf.: dum is in aliis rebus erat occupatus, Cic. Rosc. Am. 32, 91—In the fut.; nunc animum advortite Dum argumentum hujus eloquar comoediae, Plaut. Am. prol. 96.—In the perf. : dum Cyri et Alexandri similis esse voluit, Crassorum inventus est dissimillimus, Cic. Brut. 81, 292; so id. Mur. 27, 55; id. Fin. 2, 13; id. Phil. 14, 12, 33; id. Att. 1, 16, 2; Nep. Reg. 2, 2 al.—In the pluperf. : dum in unam partem oculos animosque hostium certamen averterat, pluribus locis scalis capitur murus, Liv. 32, 24.—In the fut. perf. : bellum ingens geret Italia... Tertia dum Latio regnantem viderit aestas, Verg. A. 1, 265.—Prov.: dum loqueris, i. e. this instant , Petr. 99.—In the oratio obliqua : dic, hospes, Spartae, nos te hic vidisse jacentes, Dum sanctis patriae legibus obsequimur, Poëta ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 42, 101; Liv. 2, 57; 26, 16; Tac. A. 15, 59; id. H. 1, 33; Ov. M. 4, 776 et saep.—
β Subj. In oratio obliqua : dixisti, dum Planci in me meritum verbis extollerem, me arcem facere e cloaca, Cic. Planc. 40; so id. de Or. 1, 41 fin. ; id. Mur. 24; id. Att. 5, 17, 3; Sall. C. 7, 6; Tac. H. 4, 17 fin. al.—In oratio recta : o quotiens ausae, caneret dum valle sub alta, Rumpere mugitu carmina docta boves, Tib. 2, 3, 19: dum intentus in eum se rex totus averteret, etc., Liv. 1, 40, 7: dum ea in Samnio gererentur, id. 10, 18, 1; Ov. P. 3, 3, 2; Verg. G. 4, 457; Mart. 1, 22, 1; Auct. B. Hisp. 23; Aur. Vict. Vir. Ill. 35; id. Caes. 39; Hyg. Fab. 12 al.—
b When the principal action is an immediate and sudden sequence of that described in the clause with dum, subito or repente is often used in the principal clause: dum tempus teritur, repente milites, etc., Liv. 29, 9, 5: dum advenientes filia interrogat, repente in osculis, etc. Suet. Aug. 99: dum Appium orno, subito sum factus accusatoris ejus socer, Cic. Att. 6, 6, 1; Auct. B. Afr. 61.—
c When the actions are simply presented as contemporaneous, interea, jam or interea jam is often used in the principal clause: dum haec mecum reputo, accersitur lavatum interea virgo, Ter. Eun. 592; Cic. Quint. 6, 28: dum ea Romani parant, jam Saguntum oppugnabatur, Liv. 21, 7, 1; cf. also: dum ... interim, Plaut. Trin. 1, 1, 8; id. Men. 1, 3, 31; Liv. 21, 47, 7 al.—
2 Esp., of duration in the present, now , yet.
a In combination with etiam primum, and esp. freq. with the negations non, nec, ne, haud, nihil, nullus, nemo, v. h vv.—
b Colloq., as an enclitic with imperatives and interjections (by some separately written ades dum, abi dum, etc, but v. Ritschl, Opusc. Phil. p. 567 sq.), orig, acc of time, a moment , a second , a little Sosia adesdum, paucis te volo, Ter. And. 29 abidum, id. Heaut. 249 circumspicedum, Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 109: dicdum, Ter. Hec. 803 facitodum, id. Heaut. 550 iteradum, Poëta ap. Cic. Att. 14, 14 jubedum, Plaut. Rud. 3, 5, 7: manedum, id. Bacch. 4, 6, 24; Ter. Hec. 844: memoradum, Plaut. Poen. 5, 2, 103: tacedum, id. Men. 2, 2, 73: tangedum, id. Rud. 3, 5, 5 al.: agedum (most freq.), id. Am. 2, 2, 151; 5, 1, 29; id. As. 4, 1, 1; 5, 1, 1 et saep. (for which, agidum, id. Trin. 2, 2, 89 Ritschl ad loc.); Ter. Eun. 694; id. Heaut. 310; id. Hec. 315; id. Phorm. 784; Cic. Sull. 26; Liv. 7, 9; 9, 16 al.; Cat. 63, 78; Stat. Th. 7, 126 al.: agitedum, Liv. 3, 62 Drak.; 5, 52; 7, 34 fin. : cedodum, Ter. Phorm. 329: ehodum, id. And. 184; 324; 616; id. Eun. 359; also in Plaut. in enumerations: primumdum (= Gr. πρῶτον μέν), Plaut. Mil. 2, 3, 26; id. Most. 2, 1, 53; id. Trin. 1, 2, 61 al.—
B With respect to the temporal limit of both actions, i. q. tamdiu quam or usque eo, as long as , while.
1 Lit. (with indic. when the duration of the action in the principal clause is alone implied, except in the oratio obliqua).—In praes. : bene factum a vobis, dum vivitis, non abscedet, Cato ap. Gell. 16, 1 fin. ; so Cic. Lael. 4, 14; id. de Sen. 23, 86; id. Fin. 3, 2, 9; Caes. B. G. 7, 50 fin. al.—In fut. : quid illos opinamini animi habuisse atque habituros, dum vivent? Cato ap. Gell. 10, 13, 17; Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 103; Cic. Rosc. Am. 32 fin. ; id. Leg. 1, 1, 2; Verg. A. 1, 607 sq. et saep.—
β Subj. , often, when the clause with dum expresses a desired end, or refers to an indefinite future: non tibi venit in mentem, Si, dum vivas, tibi bene facias, etc., Plaut. Bacch. 5, 2, 76: pars, dum vires suppeterent, eruptionem censebant, Caes. B. G. 7, 77, 2: ut sua sponte, dum sine periculo liceret, excederet Gadibus, id. B. C. 2, 20, 3: hoc unum esse tempus de pace agendi, dum sibi uterque confideret ut pares ambo viderentur, id. ib. 3, 10, 7: de quo (sc. animo) dum disputarem, tuam mihi dari vellem, Cotta, eloquentiam, Cic. N. D. 2, 59, 147 Bait. (v. Roby, Gram. 2, 284 sq.). —
b With tamdiu, tantum, tantummodo, tantisper, usque; or opp. postea, postquam, deinde, ubi, nunc, etc.—With tamdiu , Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 3; id. Cat. 3, 7; id. de Sen. 12, 41; id. Tusc. 5, 33 fin. ; id. Att. 9, 6, 5 al.—With tantum , Liv. 27, 42.—With tantummodo , Sall. J. 53, 3.—With tantisper , Plaut. Truc. prol. 11; Ter. Ad. 69; id. Heaut. 106.—With usque , Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 5: dum ... postea , id. Mur. 12, 26—dum ... postea quam , Caes. B. G. 7, 82, 1; Cic. Rosc. Am. 43 fin. —dum ... postquam , Sall. J. 53, 3; Liv. 21, 13; cf. Ter. And. 54—dum ... deinde , Cic. Att. 9, 6, 5; Liv. 27, 42, 13—dum ... sed ubi , Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 37; Caes. B. C. 1, 51, 5—dum ... nunc , Ter. And. 188; Cic. Ac. 1, 4, 11.—For tamdiu ... dum, less freq. dum ... dum, as long as ... so long : sic virgo dum intacta manet, dum cara suis, Cat. 62, 45 and 56; cf. Quint. 9, 3, 16: dum habeat, dum amet, Plaut. Truc. 2, 1, 23 (al. tum).—
c In Plautus repeatedly with an emphatic quidem, Plaut. As. 2, 4, 57; 5, 2, 20; id. Bacch. 2, 2, 48; id. Merc. 2, 3, 53; id. Ps. 1, 5, 92.—
2 Transf.
a In conditional relations as a restrictive particle, like quatenus and duntaxat, so long as , if so be that , provided that , if only (so regularly connected with the subjunctive; freq. in prose and poetry): dum pereas, nihil interduo aiant vivere, Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 36: Ly. Concede, inspiciam quid sit scriptum. Cu. Maxime, Tuo arbitratu, dum auferam abs te id quod peto, id. Curc. 3, 58; cf.: dum res maneant, verba fingant arbitratu suo, Cic. Fin. 5, 29 fin. : oderint, dum metuant, Att. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 28, 97: licet lascivire, dum nihil metuas, Cic. Rep. 1, 40 et saep.; in the imperf. : qui sese in cruciatum dari cuperet, dum de patris morte quaereretur, id. Rosc. Am. 41, 119; Sall. C. 40, 4; id. J. 68, 3; Quint. 10, 1, 33: An. Non pudet vanitatis? Do. Minime, dum ob rem, Ter. Phorm. 525; so without a verb, Cic. Fam. 7, 9; id. Ac. 2 ( Luc. ), 32, 104; Quint. 4, 1, 70; 9, 4, 58; 10, 3, 5; cf.: dum eatenus, id. 1, 11, 1.—
β With an emphatic modo, and often in one word, dummodo: aeque istuc facio dummodo Eam des, quae sit quaestuosa, etc., Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 189; id. Aul. 2, 2, 62; id. Mil. 2, 2, 98; Cic. Rep. 3, 3; id. Off. 3, 21; id. Cat. 1, 5; 9; Prop. 3, 17, 17 (4, 16, 17 M.); Ov. F. 5, 242 al.; cf.: sin autem jejunitatem ... dummodo sit polita, dum urbana, dum elegans, in Attico genere ponit, etc., Cic. Brut. 82, 285: dummodo sit dives, barbarus ille placet, Ov. A. A. 2, 276.—Separated by other words: mea nil refert, dum patiar modo, Ter. Eun. 319: certumst pati, dum illum modo habeam mecum, id. Heaut. 466; Val. Fl. 5, 265.—
γ With tamen, and, in Plautus (cf. above, 1. c.), with quidem.—With tamen , Cic. de Or. 2, 77, 314; Cels. 3, 4; Quint. 1, 1, 11; 2, 12, 7; 8 prooem. § 32; Dig. 39, 22, 4.—With quidem , Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 20; id. Aul. 2, 2, 34; cf. the foll. number.—
δ In negative conditional clauses, with ne, so long as not , provided that not , if only not : VTEI. SENATVS. NOSTER. DECERNERET. DVM. NE. MINVS. SENATORIBVS. C. ADESENT., S. C. de Bac. (thrice): id faciat saepe, dum ne lassus fiat, Cato R. R. 5, 4; Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 137; cf. id. Bacch. 4, 8, 26; id. Curc. 1, 1, 36; Ter. Hec. 634; Cic. Att. 6, 1, 4; 8, 11, B fin. ; Liv. 3, 21 Drak.; 28, 40; Ov. H. 3, 81.—So too, dummodo ne, Cic. de Or. 3, 48, 185; id. Fam. 10, 25, 2; id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 7; id. Att. 12, 45 al.: dum quidem ne, Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 89.—
b With a causal accessory notion, until , long enough for , etc (very rare, only with subjunctive) obsidio deinde per paucos dies magis quam oppugnatio fuit, dum vulnus ducis curaretur, Liv. 21, 8; cf. id. 24, 40; Suet. Aug. 78 fin. nam se quoque moveri finget, dum aditum sibi ad aures faciat, Quint. 4, 1, 46.
II In immediate suceession, until , until that (with the subjunctive or the indicative, as the idea of aim or simply of time predominates; cf. e.g.: quid dicam, quantus amor bestiarum sit in educandis custodiendisque iis, quae procreaverunt, usque ad eum finem, dum possint se ipsa defendere? Cic. N. D. 2, 51 fin. : ea mansit in condicione atque pacto usque ad eum finem, dum judices rejecti sunt, id. Verr. 1, 6, 16; cf. Ter. Heaut. 543; id. Eun. 206; Liv. 4, 21 fin. ; 27, 42. Cicero generally, Caesar always employs the subjunctive).
α Subj. : is dum veniat, sedens ibi opperibere, Plaut. Bacch. 1, 1, 14; cf.: paulisper mane, dum edormiscat unum somnum, id. Am. 2, 2, 64; cf. also Cic. Att. 7, 1, 4; so with exspectare, id. Lael. 13; Caes. B. G. 1, 11 fin. ; 4, 13, 2; Liv. 3, 11 fin. : Tac. Or. 19 fin. ; Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 42; Luc. 5, 303 et saep.; with morari, Hirt. B. G. 8, 28; Liv. 4, 21 fin. ; 22, 38 al.; cf. infra, β: sic deinceps omne opus contexitur, dum justa muri altitudo expleatur, Caes. B. G. 7, 23, 4; id. B. C. 1, 58, 4; cf.: multa quoque et bello passus, dum conderet urbem Inferretque deos Latio, Verg. A. 1, 5: ut spatium intercedere posset, dum milites convenirent, legatis respondit, etc., Caes. B. G. 1, 7 fin. : Caesar ex eo tempore, dum ad flumen Varum veniatur, se frumentum daturum pollicetur, from that time until , etc., id. B. C. 1, 87, 1: differant in tempus aliud, dum defervescat ira, Cic. Tusc. 4, 36, 78 (cf. ib.: dum se ipsi colligant): quippe qui moram temporis quaererent, dum Hannibal in Africam traiceret, Liv. 30, 16 fin. et saep.—
β Indic. : tu hic nos, dum eximus, interea opperibere, Ter. Heaut. 833; so with opperiri, Cic. Att. 10, 3; with manere aliquem, Ter. Phorm. 512; with exspectare, id. Eun. 206; with morari, Liv. 27, 42; cf.: causas innecte morandi, Dum pelago desaevit hiems, Verg. A. 4, 52: retine, dum ego huc servos evoco, Ter. Phorm. 982; cf.: Tityre, dum redeo, pasce capellas, Verg. E. 9, 23: struppis, quibus lectica deligata erat, usque adeo verberari jussit, dum animam efflavit, Gracch. ap. Gell. 10, 3, 5; cf. in the perf. , Prop. 1, 3, 45; in the fut. , id. 1, 14, 14. See Hand, Turs. II. pp. 303-330.