jam, adv. [for diam, collat. form of diem, cf. pri-dem, du-dum, Corss. Ausspr. I. p. 213; II. p. 850; but acc. to Curt. Gr. Etym. 398, 620; locat. form from pronom. stem ia].
I Of time, denoting a point or moment of time as coinciding with that of the action, etc., described.
A Of present time.
1 As opp. to past or future, at this time, now, just now, at present , i. e. while I speak or write this.
a Jam alone: jamne autem, ut soles, deludis? Plaut. Aul. 5, 11: jam satis credis sobrium esse me, Ter. Eun. 703: saltus reficit jam roscida luna, Verg. G. 3, 337: jam tenebris et sole cadente, id. ib. 3, 401: jamque dies, ni fallor, adest, id. A. 5, 49: jam advesperascit, Ter. And. 581: reddere qui voces jam scit puer, Hor. A. P. 158: stabat modo consularis, modo septemvir epulonum; jam neutrum, Plin. Ep. 2, 11, 12: jam melior, jam, diva, precor, Verg. A. 12, 179: Hem, scio jam quod vis dicere, Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 36: in ea (consuetudine) quaedam sunt jura ipsa jam certa propter vetustatem, Cic. Inv. 2, 22, 67: jam tempus agi, Verg. A. 5, 638: surgere jam tempus, Cat. 62, 3.—
b Strengthened.
α By repetition: jam jam, jam jamque (nearly = nunc), at this very time, precisely now : jam jam intellego, Crasse, quod dicas, Cic. de Or. 3, 24, 90: jam jam minime miror te otium perturbare, id. Phil. 2, 34, 87: jam jam dolet quod egi, jam jamque paenitet, Cat. 63, 73: jam jam linquo acies, Verg. A. 12, 875: jam jamque video bellum, Cic. Att. 16, 9 fin. : at illum ruere nuntiant et jam jamque adesse, id. ib. 7, 20, 1; cf.: jam mihi, jam possim contentus vivere parvo, Tib. 1, 1, 25 (7).—
β By nunc: jam nunc, just now, at this very time, as things now are : jam nunc irata non es, Plaut. Am. 3, 2, 65: dux, jam nunc locatus in urbe, Liv. 22, 38, 9; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 127: quae cum cogito, jam nunc timeo quidnam, etc., Cic. Div. in Caecil. 13, 42: deliberationis ejus tempus ita jam nunc statui posse, etc., Liv. 31, 32, 3: ipsa Venus laetos jam nunc migravit in agros, Tib. 2, 3, 3: nec jam nunc regina loquor, Val. Fl. 8, 47; so, nunc jam (nunciam): secede huc nunciam, Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 23: audi nunciam, Ter. And. 329: i nunciam, id. Ad. 175: nunc jam sum expeditus, Cass. ap. Cic. Fam. 12, 12, 5: nunc jam nobis vobisque consulatus patet, Liv. 7, 32, 14.—
γ By tum: jam tum opifices funguntur munere, Plin. 11, 21, 24, § 74; Verg. G. 2, 405; id. A. 1, 18.—
δ By pridem, v. iampridem.—
2 In contrast with the time at which something was expected.
a Of that which occurs sooner, already, so soon : quies (animos) aut jam exhaustos aut mox exhauriendos, renovavit, Liv. 21, 21, 7: gravitate valetudinis, qua tamen jam paululum videor levari, Cic. Fam. 6, 2, 1; 3, 8, 16: jamne ibis, are you going so soon , Plaut. Men. 2, 3, 86; id. Rud. 2, 7, 26.—
b Of that which occurs later, at last, now, only now : ohe jam desine deos uxor gratulando obtundere, Ter. Heaut. 881: postulo, Dave, ut redeat jam in viam, id. And. 190: jamque sero diei subducit ex acie legionem faciendis castris, Tac. A. 2, 21: jam sanguinis alti vis sibi fecit iter, Luc. 2, 214.—Tandem or aliquando is often added: jam tandem ades ilico, Plaut. Mil. 4, 2, 39: putamus enim utile esse te aliquando jam rem transigere, Cic. Att. 1, 4, 1: jam tandem Italiae fugientis prendimus oras, Verg. A. 6, 61; Liv. 22, 12, 10.—
3 As continued from the past, already, by this time, ere now, till now, hitherto : et apud Graecos quidem jam anni prope quadrigenti sunt, etc., Cic. Or. 51, 171: obsolevit jam ista oratio, id. de Imp. Pomp. 17, 52: nondum feminam aequavimus gloriā, et jam nos laudis satietas cepit? Curt. 9, 6, 23.—With numerals and words specifying time: jam biennium est, cum mecum coepit rem gerere, Plaut. Merc. 3, 1, 35; so, plus jam anno, id. Curc. 1, 1, 14: sunt duo menses jam, Cic. Rosc. Com. 3, 8: qui septingentos jam annos vivunt, etc., id. Fl. 26, 63: annum jam tertium et vicesimum regnat, id. de Imp. Pomp. 3, 7; id. Fin. 2, 29, 94.—
4 With imperatives, to express haste or impatience, like Engl. now, now, straightway, at once : quid miserum, Aenea, laceras? Jam parce sepulto, Verg. A. 3, 41: sed jam age, carpe viam, id. ib. 6, 629: et jam tu ... illum adspice contra, id. ib. 11, 373.—So in impetuous or passionate questions (freq. in Plaut.): Jam tu autem nobis praeturam geris? Plaut. Ep. 1, 1, 23; cf. id. Aul. 5, 11; id. Bacch. 2, 2, 25.—
5 Jam ... jam, at one time ... at another, now ... now, at this time ... at that : jamque eadem digitis jam pectine pulsat eburno, Verg. A. 6, 647: jamque hos cursu, jam praeterit illos, id. ib. 4, 157: qui jam contento, jam laxo fune laborat, Hor. S. 2, 7, 20: jam vino quaerens, jam somno fallere curas, id. ib. 2, 7, 114: jam secundae, jam adversae res, ita erudierant, etc., Liv. 30, 30; Tib. 1, 2, 49; Ov. M. 1, 111.—
B Of past time.
1 In the time just past, but now, a moment ago, a little while ago, just : videamus nunc quam sint praeclare illa his, quae jam posui, consequentia, Cic. Fin. 3, 7, 26: Arsinoë et jam dicta Memphis, Plin. 5, 9, 11, § 61: insulae praeter jam dictas, id. 3, 26, 30, § 151: hiems jam praecipitaverat, Caes. B. C. 3, 25, 1: domum quam tu jam exaedificatam habebas, Cic. Att. 1, 6, 1.—
2 Like English now, by this time, already .
a Alone: jam advesperascebat, Liv. 39, 50: Hannibalem movisse ex hibernis, et jam Alpes transire, id. 27, 39: et jam fama volans ... domos et moenia complet, Verg. A. 11, 139; 12, 582; Caes. B. G. 1, 11; 6, 6: jamque rubescebat Aurora, Verg. A. 3, 521; 10, 260: ut semel inclinavit pugna, jam intolerabilis Romana vis erat, Liv. 6, 32: cum decimum jam diem graviter ex intestinis laborarem, Cic. Fam. 7, 26, 1.—
b Strengthened.
α Jam jamque, Verg. A. 8, 708.—
β By tum, as early as that : se jam tum gessisse pro cive, Cic. Arch. 5, 11; Liv. 29, 1; Verg. A. 7, 738; Tac. Agr. 45.—
γ By tunc (post-Aug.; once in Cic.), Suet. Aug. 89; id. Ner. 7; Tac. H. 4, 50; Cic. Fam. 3, 12, 3 dub.—
3 Of a time succeeding another time referred to, from that time, thenceforth, thereafter (esp. with a or ab , when it is often = Eng. even, very ): qui aequom esse censent nos jam a pueris nasci senes, Ter. Heaut. 214: quae me maxime sicuti jam a prima adolescentia delectarunt, Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 67: benevolentia quae mihi jam a pueritia tua cognita est, id. ib. 4, 7, 1: dederas enim jam ab adolescentia documenta, id. Mil. 8, 22: jam ab illo tempore, cum, etc., from the very time when , etc., id. Fam. 2, 16, 9; cf.: urgerent philosophorum greges jam ab illo fonte et capite Socrate, id. de Or. 1, 10, 42. —So with ex : jam ex quo ipse accepisset regnum, ever since , Liv. 42, 11, 8.—
C Of future time.
1 In the time immediately approaching, forthwith, straightway, directly, presently : occlude sis fores ambobus pessulis: jam ego hic ero, Plaut. Aul. 1, 2, 25: ille jam hic aderit, id. Ep. 2, 2, 72: omitte; jam adero, Ter. Eun. 764; cf. id. ib. 739; id. And. 180; 777: bono animo es; jam argentum ad eam deferes, quod ei es pollicitus, id. Heaut. 822: facere id ut paratum jam sit, Plaut. As. 1, 1, 76: jam fuerit, neque post unquam revocare licebit, Lucr. 3, 927: jam faciam quod voltis, Hor. S. 1, 1, 16: jam enim aderunt consules ad suas Nonas, Cic. Att. 7, 20, 2.—
2 In the time immediately succeeding another time referred to, forthwith, at once, straightway, then : nunc ubi me illic non videbit, jam huc recurret, Ter. Ad. 526: accede ad ignem ... jam calesces, id. Eun. 85: nisi puerum tollis, jam ego hunc in mediam viam provolvam, id. And. 777: de quibus jam dicendi locus erit, cum de senioribus pauca dixero, Cic. Brut. 25, 96: agedum, dictatorem creemus. Jam hic centicescet furor, Liv. 2, 29, 11: aperi, inquit, jam scies, Petr. 16, 2; cf. Verg. A. 1, 272.—
3 Representing as present an impending event, now, already, presently (mostly poet.): jam te premet nox, Hor. C. 1, 4, 16: jam veniet mors, jam subrepet iners aetas, Tib. 1, 1, 70: jam mare turbari trabibus videbis, jam fervere litora flammis, Verg. A. 4, 566; 6, 676: alius Latio jam partus Achilles, id. ib. 6, 89: hic magnae jam locus urbis erit, Tib. 2, 5, 55.—
D With negatives, denoting cessation of previous condition: jam non, no more, no longer : quem odisse jam non potestis, Cic. Clu. 10, 29; Ov. M. 4, 382: non jam, not any more , Cic. Div. in Caecil. 1, 3: nihil jam, Caes. B. G. 2, 21.—
E With comparatives: ad mitiora jam ingenia, which had become milder , Liv. 27. 39: ad ferociores jam gentes, which then were less civilized , id. 21, 60: una jam potior sententia, Stat. Th. 2, 368.
II In other relations.
A To denote that something will certainly, properly, or easily occur, under certain circumstances.
1 In a conclusion, to emphasize its relation to the condition, then surely, then : si cogites, remittas jam me onerare injuriis, Ter. And. 825: si quis voluerit animi sui notionem evolvere, jam se ipse doceat, eum virum bonum esse, Cic. Off. 3, 19, 76: si hoc dixissem, jam mihi consuli jure optimo senatus vim intulisset, id. Cat. 1, 8, 21; id. Leg. 1, 12, 34; id. Brut. 17, 68: si jubeat eo dirigi, jam in portu fore omnem classem, Liv. 29, 27, 8.—
2 In a consequence, to show that it is conceived as immediate, now, then, therefore : satis est tibi in te, satis in legibus; jam contemni non poteris, Cic. Fin. 2, 26, 84: jam hoc non potest in te non honorifice esse dictum, id. Fam. 5, 2, 2; id. Leg. 2, 24, 60; id. Clu. 16, 46: nec hanc solam Romani meretricem colunt ... Jam quanta ista immortalitas putanda est, Lact. 1, 20, 5: Quae cum ita sint, ego jam hinc praedico, Liv. 40, 36, 14: conspecta et ex muris ea multitudo erat; jamque etiam legionariae cohortes sequebantur, id. 10, 43, 1.—
B In transitions.
1 To a new subject, now, moreover, again, once more then : jam de artificiis et quaestibus ... haec fere accepimus, Cic. Off. 1, 42, 150; Verg. G. 2, 57: jam jura legitima ex legibus cognosci oportebit, Cic. Inv. 2, 22, 68: jam illud senatus consultum, quod eo die factum est, etc., id. Fam. 5, 2, 4: jam Saliare Numae carmen qui laudat, Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 86. —So with vero : jam vero motus animi, sollicitudines aegritudinesque oblivione leniuntur, Cic. Tusc. 5, 38, 110: jam vero virtuti Cn. Pompei quae potest par oratio inveniri? id. de Imp. Pomp. 11, 29; 14, 41; id. Off. 3, 13 init. —With at enim : at enim jam dicetis virtutem non posse constitui, si ea, etc., Cic. Fin. 4, 15, 40 init. —
2 In enumerations: et aures ... itemque nares ... jam gustatus ... tactus autem, Cic. N. D. 2, 56, 141.—So sometimes repeatedly, at one time ... at another ... at another , jam ... jam ... jam: jam medici, jam apparatus cibi, jam in hoc solum importatum instrumentum balinei nullius non succurrit valetudini, Vell. 2, 114, 2; cf. Flor. 2, 17, 8, and I. A. 5. supra.—
C For emphasis.
1 After non modo ... sed ( = adeo), now, even, I may say : non cum senatu modo, sed jam cum diis bellum gerere, Liv. 21, 63, 6.—
2 Pressing the strict sense of a word or clause, now, precisely, indeed : (Hieronymum) quem jam cur Peripateticum appellem, nescio, Cic. Fin. 5, 5, 14: hoc quidem haud molestum est jam, quod collus collari caret, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 107: loquor enim jam non de sapientium, sed de communibus amicitiis, Cic. Lael. 21, 77: te quoque jam, Thais, ita me di bene ament, amo, Ter. Eun. 882: imitatio morum alienorum ... jam inter leniores affectus numerari potest, Quint. 9, 2, 58: reliqua jam aequitatis sunt, id. 7, 1, 62: cetera jam fabulosa, Tac. G. 46: desine: jam venio moriturus, Verg. A. 10, 881.—So esp. with et : et jam (cf. etiam), and indeed, and in fact , et lenitas illa Graecorum et verborum comprehensio, et jam artifex, ut ita dicam, stilus, Cic. Brut. 25, 96: pulchriora etiam Polycleti et jam plane perfecta, id. ib. 18, 70: Pompeium et hortari et orare et jam liberius accusare non desistimus, id. Fam. 1, 1, 3; Quint. Decl. 5, 3; Luc. 8, 659; cf. jamque, Cic. Fam. 4, 6, 9; so, jam et: nec deerat Ptolemaeus, jam et sceleris instinctor, Tac. H. 1, 23; 1, 22; and, ac jam: ac jam, ut omnia contra opinionem acciderent, tamen se plurimum navibus posse, Caes. B. G. 3, 9: jam ergo, in very fact : jam ergo aliquis condemnavit, Cic. Clu. 41, 113.—
3 In climax, even, indeed, really : opus Paniceis, opus Placentinis quoque ... jam maritumi omnes milites opus sunt mihi, Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 59: jam illa quae natura, non litteris, assecuti sunt, neque cum Graecia neque ulla cum gente sunt conferenda, Cic. Tusc. 1, 1, 2: jam in opere quis par Romano miles? Liv. 9, 19, 8; Quint. 12, 1, 45; Cic. Rep. 1, 5; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 83.