ipse (ipsus, Cato R. R. 70; 71; Plaut. Ps. 4, 7, 43; id. Trin. 2, 2, 40; 3, 1, 10 et saep.; Ter. And. 495; id. Eun. 546, id. Hec. 455; Jusjur. Milit. ap. Gell. 16, 4, 4 al.), a, um (ipsud, Gloss. Philox.); gen. ipsīus (poet. also ipsĭus, Cat. 64, 43; Verg. A. 1, 114; 2, 772 al.; and dissyl. Ter. Heaut. 576; id. Phorm. 725: ipsi, Afran. ap. Prisc. 694); dat. ipsi (ipso, Ap. Met. 10, 10, 19); pron. demonstr. [is - pse for pte; cf. sua-pte and -pote in ut-pote; root in potis; Sanscr. patis, lord, master; hence, = he, the master, himself, etc.; cf. Pott. Etym. Forsch. 2, 866 sq.; Fick, Vergl. Wörterb. p. 116. Hence, in the original form, the pronoun is was declined, while the suffix was unchanged; thus eopte = eo ipso, Paul. ex Fest. p. 110: eapse = ea ipsa, id. p. 77; nom. sing. eapse, Plaut. Curc. 1, 3, 4; id. Cist. 1, 2, 17; id. Rud. 2, 3, 80; 2, 5, 21 al.; acc. eumpse, Plaut. Most. 1, 4, 32: eampse, Plaut. Aul. 5, 7; id. Cist. 1, 3, 22; id. Men. 5, 2, 22 al.; abl. eopse, Plaut. Curc. 4, 3, 6: eāpse, id. Trin. 4, 2, 132; id. Curc. 4, 3, 2; v. Neue, Formenl. 2, 197 sq.], = αὐτός, self, in person, he (emphatic), himself, herself, itself, used both substantively and adjectively, to denote that person (thing) of which something is eminently or exclusively predicated.
I In gen.
A With substt. or pronn.
1 Expressing eminence or distinction: ipse ille Gorgias ... in illo ipso Platonis libro, Cic. de Or. 3, 32, 129: ille ipse Marcellus, id. Verr. 2, 2, 2, § 4: natura ipsa, id. Brut. 29, 112: dicet pro me ipsa virtus, id. Fin. 2, 20, 65: ipsa res publica, id. Fam. 3, 11, 3: neque enim ipse Caesar est alienus a nobis, id. ib. 6, 10, 2: ipse Moeris, Verg. E. 8, 96: rex ipse Aeneas, id. A. 1, 575: ipse aries, id. E. 3, 95: ductores ipsi, id. A. 1, 189: si in ipsa arce habitarem, Liv. 2, 7, 10; esp. freq. with names of gods, etc.: naturas quas Juppiter ipse Addidit, Verg. G. 4, 149; id. A. 3, 222; Hor. C. 1, 16, 12: Pater ipse, Verg. G. 1, 121; Tib. 1, 4, 23: Venus ipsa, Hor. C. 2, 8, 13; Ov. H. 19, 159: ipse pater Pluton, Verg. A. 7, 327 et saep.—Prov.: audentes deus ipse juvat, Ov. M. 10, 586.—
2 For emphasis or in contrast, very , just , precisely , self , in person : adest optime ipse frater, Ter. Eun. 905: in orationibus hisce ipsis, Cic. de Or. 1, 16, 73: ea ipsa hora, id. Fam. 7, 23, 4: nec carmina nobis Ipsa placent: ipsae rursus concedite silvae, Verg. E. 10, 63: tute ipse his rebus finem praescripsti, Ter. And. 151: lepide ipsi hi sunt capti, Plaut. Bacch. 5, 2, 91: ego enim ipse cum eodem isto non invitus erraverim, Cic. Tusc. 1, 17, 40: ipse ille divinationis auctor, id. Div. 2, 28, 61: cariorem esse patriam quam nosmet ipsos, id. Fin. 3, 19, 64: eaque ipsa causa belli fuit, the very , the true cause , Liv. 1, 57, 1; esp. with is , in all persons and numbers: estne hic Philto? Is hercle'st ipsus, Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 31: cui tutor is fuerat ipse, Liv. 5, 33, 3: jam id ipsum absurdum, maximum malum neglegi, even , Cic. Fin. 2, 28, 93 (Madv.); id. de Or. 2, 30, 132: tempus ad id ipsum congruere, Liv. 1, 5, 5: duum vir ad id ipsum creatus, id. 2, 42, 5: Tullius et eos ipsos et per eos multitudinem aliam deduxit, id. 2, 38, 1: eorum ipsorum facta (opp. loca in quibus, etc.), Cic. Fin. 5, 1, 2: nec vero clarorum virorum post mortem honores permanerent, si nihil eorum ipsorum animi efficerent, id. de Sen. 22, 80: ad eum ipsum honorem deferre, Liv. 3, 51, 3; so sometimes with an inf. or subst.-clause : ipsum dicere ineptum, Cic. de Or. 1, 24, 112: quid juvat quod ante initum tribunatum veni, si ipsum, quod veni, nihil juvat? the mere fact , the fact alone , id. Att. 11, 9, 1: ipsum, quod habuisti, Sen. Cons. ad Marc. 12, 2: et ipsum, quod sum victus, ama, Luc. 8, 78.— Esp. in legal phrase: ipso jure, by the letter of the law , in legal strictness or precision , Gai Inst. 2, 198; 3, 181; 4, 106 sqq. et saep.—
B Alone, emphatically taking the place of an omitted person. or demonstr. pron.: Ar. Ubi is nunc est? He. Ubi ego minume atque ipsus se volt maxume, Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 108; 4, 1, 10: Su. Is ipsusne's? Ch. Aio: Su. Ipsus es? id. Trin. 4, 2, 146: atque ipsis, ad quorum commodum pertinebat, durior inventus est Coelius, Caes. B. C. 3, 20, 4: quaeram ex ipsā, Cic. Cael. 14: tempus, quo ipse eos sustulisset, ad id ipsum congruere, Liv. 1, 5, 5: agrum dare immunem ipsi, qui accepisset, liberisque, id. 21, 45, 5; 9, 34, 18; 10, 6, 10: laeta et ipsis qui rem gessere expugnatio fuit, id. 28, 4, 1: a nobis exposita, ut ab ipsis, qui eam disciplinam probant, Cic. Fin. 1, 5, 13.—So freq. in Cic. before a rel. : ut de ipso, qui judicarit, judicium fieri videretur, Cic. Inv. 1, 44, 82: ipsi omnia, quorum negotium est, ad nos deferunt, id. de Or. 1, 58, 250; 2, 14, 60; id. Div. in Caecil. 4, 13; v. Madv. ad Cic. Fin. 2, 28, 93: nullis definitionibus utuntur, ipsique dicunt ea se modo probare, quibus natura tacita assentiatur, Cic. Fin. 3, 12, 40 Madv. —
C To make prominent one of two or more subjects of any predicate, he ( she , il ), for his part , he too , also , as well.
1 Ipse alone: litterae Metello Capuam adlatae sunt a Clodia, quae ipsa transiit, i. e. also , in person , Cic. Att. 9, 6, 3: Italiam ornare quam domum suam maluit: quamquam Italia ornata domus ipsa mihi videtur ornatior, id. Off. 2, 22, 76: tris ipse excitavit recitatores, he too , id. Clu. 51, 141: neque tanti timoris sum ut ipse deficiam, Caes. B. C. 2, 31, 8: Jugurtha, tametsi regem ficta locutum intellegebat, et ipse longe aliter animo agitabat, Sall. J. 11, 1: hoc Rhipeus, hoc ipse Dymas omnisque juventus Laeta facit, Verg. A. 2, 394.—
2 With conjunctions.
α With etiam (class.): ipse etiam Fufidius in numero fuit, Cic. Brut. 29, 112: scribebat orationes quas alii dicerent: quamquam is etiam ipse scripsit eas, quibus pro se est usus, sed non sine Aelio; his enim scriptis etiam ipse interfui, id. ib. 56, 206 sq. —
β With quoque : quippe quia plebs senatus consultum solvit, ipsi quoque solutum vultis, Liv. 3, 21, 4: consul, quia collegae decretum triumphum audivit, ipse quoque triumphi flagitator Romam rediit, id. 8, 12, 9: cum subito Sulpicius et Albinovanus objecissent catervas, ipse quoque (Sulla) jaculatus, etc., Flor. 3, 21, 7.—
γ With et (et ipse = καὶ αὐτός, ipse etiam; rare in Cic.; cf. Zumpt, Gram. § 698): tamen et ipsi tuae familiae genere et nomine continebuntur, Cic. Caecin. 20, 58: deseret eos quos una scis esse, cum habeat praesertim et ipse cohortis triginta? id. Att. 8, 7, 1; id. de Or. 1, 46, 202: Cornelius dictatorem Aemilium dixit, et ipse ab eo magister equitum est dictus, Liv. 4, 31, 5: credo ego vos, socii, et ipsos cernere, id. 21, 21, 3: Cornelio minus copiarum datum, quia L. Manlius praetor et ipse cum praesidio in Galliam mittebatur, id. 21, 17, 7: qui et ipse crus fregerat, Suet. Aug. 43: Antoninus Commodus nihil paternum habuit, nisi quod contra Germanos feliciter et ipse pugnavit, Eutr. 8, 7: virtutes et ipsae taedium pariunt, Quint. 9, 4, 43. —
δ With nec ( = ne ipse quidem): primis repulsis Maharbal cum majore robore virorum missus nec ipse eruptionem cohortium sustinuit, Liv. 23, 18, 4: nihil moveri viderunt, nec ipsi quicquam mutarunt, id. 37, 20, 8: neque ipsi, id. 30, 42, 7: crimina non quidem nec ipsa mediocria; sed quid ista sunt prae iis, etc., id. 34, 32, 9.
II Esp.
A By way of eminence, ipse is used to indicate the chief person, host, master, teacher, etc.: ipsa, the mistress, etc.: ipsus tristis, Ter. And. 360: ipsum praesto video, id. ib. 415: ego eo quo me ipsa misit, Plaut. Cas. 4, 2, 10: suam norat ipsam tam bene, quam puella matrem, Cat. 3, 7 (Müll., ipsa); cf.: Pythagorei respondere solebant, ipse dixit, i. e. Pythagoras , Cic. N. D. 1, 5, 10; cf.: nec hoc oratori contingere inter adversarios quod Pythagorae inter discipulos potest ipse dixit, Quint. 11, 1, 27: cum veniat lectica Mathonis plena ipso, the great man , Juv. 1, 33: anseris ante ipsum jecur, before the host , id. 5, 114.—
B Of or by one’s self , of one’s own accord = suā sponte, ultro: videar non ipse promisisse (opp. to fortuito), Cic. de Or. 1, 24, 111: de manibus delapsa arma ipsa ceciderunt, id. Off. 1, 22, 77: valvae clausae se ipsae aperuerunt, id. Div. 1, 37, 74: ipsae lacte domum referent distenta capellae Ubera, Verg. E. 4, 21: ipsi potum venient juvenci, id. ib. 7, 11; cf.: aliae ipsae Sponte sua veniunt, id. G. 2, 10: fruges sponte sua (tellus) primum ipsa creavit, Lucr. 2, 11, 58; and αὐταί for αὐτόματοι, Theocr. Idyll. 11, 12.—
C Himself exclusively.
1 By or in one’s self , alone : haec ipse suo tristi cum corde volutat, Verg. A. 6, 185: his actis, aliud genitor secum ipse volutat, id. ib. 12, 843: tempus secum ipsa Exigit, id. ib. 4, 475: quam facile exercitu soclos conservaturus sit, qui ipso nomine ac rumore defenderit, Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 15, 45: multa secum ipse volvens, Sall. C. 32, 1: aestimando ipse secum, Liv. 25, 23, 11.—
2 In one’s self , for one’s own sake : ipsam aequitatem et jus ipsum amare, Cic. Leg. 1, 18, 48.—
3 Of one’s self , of one’s own nature , etc.: erat ipse immani acerbāque naturā Oppianicus, Cic. Clu. 15, 44: duo imperatores, ipsi pares, ceterum opibus disparibus, Sall. J. 52, 1: natura serpentium, ipsa perniciosa, siti accenditur, id. ib. 89, 5.—
D With advv. of time.
1 Nunc ipsum, just now , at this very time : nunc ipsum exurit, Plaut. Bacch. 4, 9, 16: nunc ipsum non dubitabo rem tantam adicere, Cic. Att. 7, 3, 2; 8, 9, 2: nunc tamen ipsum sine te esse non possum, id. ib. 12, 16. —
2 Tum ipsum, just then , at that very time : id, quod aliquando posset accidere, ne tum ipsum accideret, timere, Cic. de Or. 1, 27, 124: ratio largitionum vitiosa est, temporibus necessaria, et tum ipsum ad facultates accommodanda est, id. Off. 2, 17, 60: et tum ipsum, cum immolare velis, extorum fieri mutatio potest, id. Div. 1, 52, 118; cf. id. Fin. 2, 20, 65 Madv.—
E With numerals, just , exactly , precisely (opp. fere): triginta dies erant ipsi, cum, etc., Cic. Att. 3, 21 init. : ipsas undecim esse legiones, id. Fam. 6, 18, 2: nam cum dixisset minus IↃↃↃ (sc. milia), populus cum risu acclamavit, ipsa esse, id. Caecin. 10, 28; cf. id. Brut. 15, 61; 43, 162: ipso vigesimo anno, id. Verr. 2, 2, 9, § 25. —
F In reflexive uses,
1 Ipse strengthens the subject when opposed in thought to other agents; the object, when opposed to other objects; cf. Zumpt, Gram. § 696; Kennedy, Gram. § 67, 3; Madv. Gram. § 487, 6. — Hence,
a With subject.
α In gen.: non egeo medicina (i. e. ut alii me consolentur), me ipse consolor, Cic. Lael. 3, 10: Junius necem sibi ipse conscivit, id. N. D. 2, 3, 7: neque potest exercitum is continere imperator, qui se ipse non continet, id. de Imp. Pomp. 13, 38: Artaxerxes se ipse reprehendit, Nep. Dat. 5: ipsa se virtus satis ostendit, Sall. J. 85; cf.: deponendo tutelam ipse in se unum omnium vires convertit, Liv. 24, 4, 9: deforme etiam est de se ipsum praedicare, Cic. Off. 1, 38, 137.—
β With special emphasis, ipse is joined to the subject to indicate its relation to itself as both subject and object, though the antithesis would suggest another case (Cic.): cum iste sic erat humilis atque demissus, ut non modo populo Romano, sed etiam sibi ipse condemnatus videretur, Cic. Verr. 1, 6, 17: si quis ipse sibi inimicus est, id. Fin. 5, 10, 28: qui ipsi sibi bellum indixissent, id. ib. 5, 10, 29: quoniam se ipsi omnes natura diligant, id. ib. 3, 18, 59: nam si ex scriptis cognosci ipsi suis potuissent, id. de Or. 2, 2, 8.—
b With object : neque vero ipsam amicitiam tueri (possumus), nisi aeque amicos et nosmet ipsos diligamus, Cic. Fin. 1, 20, 67: omne animal se ipsum diligit, id. ib. 5, 9, 24: fac ut diligentissime te ipsum custodias, id. Fam. 9, 14, 8: Pompeianus miles fratrem suum, dein se ipsum interfecit, Tac. H. 3, 51: Lentulum, quem mihi ipsi antepono, Cic. Fam. 3, 7, 5.—
2 Ipse defines the subject of a reflexive pronoun: natura movet infantem, sed tantum ut se ipse diligat (where ipse shows that se refers to infantem), Cic. Fin. 2, 10, 33: proinde consulant sibi ipsi; jubeant abire se, Just. 16, 4, 15: neque prius vim adhibendam putaverunt, quam se ipse indicasset, Nep. Paus. 4: in portis murisque sibimet ipsos tecta coëgerat aedificare, Liv. 27, 3, 2 (cf. 1. a. supra).—
3 Ipse stands for the reflexive pronoun,
a Where the person or thing referred to is to be emphatically distinguished from others (class.): cum omnes se expetendos putent, nec id ob aliam rem, sed propter ipsos, necesse est ejus etiam partes propter se expeti, etc., Cic. Fin. 5, 17, 46: quis umquam consul senatum ipsius decretis parere prohibuit? id. Sest. 14, 32: quos, quidquid ipsis expediat, facturos arbitrabimur, id. Fin. 2, 35, 117: qui negant se recusare, quo minus, ipsis mortuis, terrarum deflagratio consequatur, id. ib. 3, 19, 64: nec quid ipsius natura sit intellegit, id. ib. 5, 9, 24.—
b In a subordinate clause, to point out either the subject of the principal clause, or the chief agent or speaker; esp. where se or sibi is already applied to the subject of the subordinate clause: ne ob eam rem aut suae magnopere virtuti tribueret aut ipsos despiceret, Caes. B. G. 1, 13, 5: legatos ad consulem mittit, qui tantum modo ipsi liberisque vitam peterent, Sall. J. 16, 2; cf.: ipsis mortuis, Cic. Fin. 3, 19, 64: supra nihil, quantum in ipso est, praetermittere quo minus, etc., id. Leg. 1, 21, 56: ipsius, id. ib. 2, 22, 55: nihil umquam audivi ... nihil de re publica gravius, nihil de ipso modestius, i. e. de ipso dicente, id. Balb. 1, 2: id quod ipsum adjuvat (i. e. dicentem; opp. id quod adversario prodest), id. Inv. 1, 21, 30.—
c In gen., for an emphatic se or sibi (mostly post-Aug.; v. Madv. ad Cic. Fin. 3, 12, 40): nam ipsis certum esse, etc., Liv. 35, 46, 13: pravitas consulum discordiaque inter ipsos, id. 4, 26, 6: inexperta remedia haud injuria ipsis esse suspecta, Curt. 3, 5, 15: Graecis nuntiare jubet, ipsum quidem gratias agere, etc., id. 3, 8, 7: dixit, ab illo deo ipsos genus ducere, id. 4, 2, 3: a quibus nec acceperunt injuriam nec accepisse ipsos existimant, Sen. de Ira, 2, 5, 1: intemperantiam in morbo suam experti parere ipsis vetant, id. ib. 3, 13, 5: sciunt ipsos omnia habere communia, id. Ep. 6, 3; 22, 10 et saep.; cf.: verum est etiam iis, qui aliquando futuri sint, esse propter ipsos consulendum, Cic. Fin. 3, 19, 64.—
4 Ipse stands in free constr. with abl. absol. as with finite verb (cf. also quisque; only freq. in Liv. and post-Aug. writers): cum dies venit, causa ipse pro se dicta, quindecim milibus aeris damnatur, Liv. 4, 44, 10 Weissenb. ad loc.: Romani imperatores, junctis et ipsi exercitibus ... ad sedem hostium pervenere, id. 29, 2, 2: C. Popilius, dimissis et ipse Atticis navibus ... pergit, id. 45, 10, 2; cf.: Catilina et Autronius parabant consules interficere, ipsi fascibus conreptis Pisonem cum exercitu mittere, Sall. C. 18, 5: amisso et ipse Pacoro, Tac. G. 37; cf. also the emphatic use of ipse (like quisque) with abl. of gerund (freq. in Liv.): adsentando indignandoque et ipse, Liv. 40, 23, 1: cogendo ipse, id. 39, 49, 3: agendo ipse, id. 41, 24, 2: aestimando ipse secum, id. 25, 23, 11 et saep.☞ Ipse is very rarely strengthened by the suffix -met: ipsemet abiit, Plaut. Am. prol. 102: ipsimet nobis, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 1, § 3: ipsemet profugiam, Sen. Ep. 117, 21; also Front. Aq. 74 ex conj.— Sup.: Com. Ergo ipsusne es? Charm. Ipsissumus, his own very self , Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 146; cf. Gr. αὐτότατος, Aristoph. Plut. 83; so, ipsimus and ipsima, for dominus and domina (cf II. A. supra), Petr. 75, 11; and: ipsimi nostri, id. 63, 3 Büch. ex conj.