praesum

A New Latin Dictionary by Charlton T. Lewis Ph.D. and Charles Short, LL. D.

prae-sum, fūi, esse, v. n.,

I to be before a thing; hence, to be set over , to preside or rule over , to have the charge or command of , to superintend (class.).

α With dat.: omnibus Druidibus praeest unus, Caes. B. G. 6, 12: qui oppido praeerat, id. ib. 2, 6: regionibus, id. ib. 5, 22: provinciae, Sall. C. 42, 3: censor factus, severe praefuit ei potestati, Nep. Cat. 2, 3: classi, to have the command of the fleet , Caes. B. C. 3, 25: exercitui, id. ib. 3, 57: alicui negotio, to have charge of it , to carry it on , id. ib. 3, 61: ei studio, Cic. de Or. 1, 55, 235: artificio, id. Fin. 4, 27, 76: vigiliis, to superintend , Sall. C. 30, 6: regiis opibus, Nep. Con. 4, 3: rebus regiis, id. Phoc. 3, 4: statuis faciendis, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 59, § 144: aedibus, i. e. aedilem esse, Dig. 1, 2, 2: mercimoniis, Cod. 5, 5, 7.—

β Absol. : praeesse in provinciā, to be governor , Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 77, § 180.—

II Transf.

A To be the chief person , to take the lead in any thing: non enim paruit ille Ti. Gracchi temeritati, sed praefuit, Cic. Lael. 11, 37: qui non solum interfuit his rebus, sed etiam praefuit, id. Fam. 1, 8, 1: illi crudelitati non solum praeesse, verum etiam interesse, id. Att. 9, 6, 7.—

B To protect , defend (poet.): stant quoque pro nobis, et praesunt moenibus Urbis, Ov. F. 5, 135.

VII —Hence, praesens , entis ( abl. sing. of persons usually praesente; of things, praesenti), adj.

A That is before one , in sight or at hand , present , in person (rarely of the immediate presence of the speaker or writer, for which the proper case of hic is used; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 908, and v. infra): assum praesens praesenti tibi, I am with you , Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 27: non quia ades praesens, dico hoc, because you happen to be present , Ter. Ad. 393: quo praesente, in whose presence , Cic. de Or. 1, 24, 112: quod adest quodque praesens est, id. Off. 1, 4, 11; so, nihil nisi praesens et quod adest, id. Fin. 1, 17, 55: vivi atque praesentes, id. Off. 1, 44, 156: praesens tecum egi, myself , in person , id. Fam. 2, 7, 4: perinde ac si ipse interfuerit, et praesens viderit, id. Inv. 1, 54, 104: praesens sermo, communication by word of mouth , id. Q. Fr. 2, 8, 1: praesens in praesentem multa dixerat, id. Att. 11, 12, 1; Ter. Ad. 668: praesente for praesentibus (ante-class.): praesente amicis, Pompon. ap. Don. ad Ter. Eun. 649; so, testibus, id. ap. Non. 154, 17: his, Att. ib. 154, 19: suis, Fenest. ib. 154, 20: omnibus, Nov. ib. 154, 23: legatis, Varr. ap. Don. Ter. Eun. 649: nobis, Ter. ib.—

2 Esp., of time: narratio praeteritarum rerum aut praesentium, Cic. Part. Or. 4, 13: non solum inopia praesentis, sed etiam futuri temporis, Caes. B. C. 1, 52 init. : praesens tempus futuri metu perdere, Sen. Ep. 24, 1: tempus enim tribus partibus constat, praeterito, praesente, futuro, id. ib. 124, 17.—Esp. in opp. to other times referred to: quanta tempestas invidiae nobis si minus in praesens tempus ... at in posteritatem impendeat, Cic. Cat. 1, 9, 22: et reliqui temporis recuperandi ratio, et praesentis tuendi, id. Att. 8, 9, 3: et consiliorum superiorum conscientiā et praesentis temporis moderatione me consoler, id. Fam. 9, 16, 6; id. Fl. 1, 3.—Very rarely alone, of the times of the writer or speaker. as opp. to the times of which he speaks: quod pietas principis nostri praesentium quoque temporum decus fecit, Quint. 3, 7, 9: vive moribus praeteritis, loquere verbis praesentibus, now in use , Gell. 1, 10, 4.—Also of a time spoken of, present to the mind, existing : movit Scipionem cum fortuna pristina viri, praesenti fortunae conlata, Liv. 30, 13, 8: populo erat persuasum, et adversas superiores et praesentes secundas res accidisse, etc., Nep. Alcib. 6, 2: praetor factus non solum praesenti bello, id. Them. 2, 1: et praesens aetas et posteritas deinde mirata est, Curt. 9, 10, 28: praesentem saevitiam melioris olim fortunae recordatione allevabant, Tac. A. 14, 63: in praesens tempus, and more freq. absol. , in praesens, for the present : pleraque differat, et praesens in tempus omittat, Hor. A. P. 44; so (opp. in posteritatem) Cic. Cat. 1, 9, 22: si fortuna in praesens deseruit, Tac. H. 4, 58; cf.: laetus in praesens animus, Hor. C. 2, 16, 25: ad praesens tempus, or simply ad praesens, for the present : Harpagus ad praesens tempus dissimulato dolore, for the moment , Just. 1, 5, 7: quod factum aspere acceptum ad praesens, mox, etc., at the time , Tac. A. 4, 31; 40: munimentum ad praesens, in posterum ultionem, id. H. 1, 44; Suet. Tit. 6: vocem adimere ad praesens, for a short time , Plin. 8, 22, 34, § 80: praesenti tempore and in praesenti, at present , now : praesenti tempore, Ov. F. 3, 478: haec ad te in praesenti scripsi, ut speres, Cic. Fam. 2, 10, 4: in praesenti, Nep. Att. 12, 5; Liv. 34, 35, 11.—Prov.: praesenti fortuna pejor est futuri metus, Ps.- Quint. Decl. 12, 15.— Subst.: praesentĭa , ĭum, n., present circumstances , the present state of affairs : cum hortatur ferenda esse praesentia, Suet. Aug. 87: praesentia sequi, Tac. H. 4, 59: ex praeteritis enim aestimari solent praesentia, Quint. 5, 10, 28: sed penitus haerens amor fastidio praesentium accensus est, Curt. 8, 3, 6.—Esp., in phrase in praesentia (sc. tempora), for the present , at this time , under present circumstances : hoc video in praesentia opus esse, Cic. Att. 15, 20, 4: providere quid oneris in praesentia tollant, id. Verr. 2, 3, 1, § 1: quae in praesentia in mentem mihi venerunt, id. Fam. 4, 5, 1; id. Fin. 5, 8, 21; Liv. 31, 22, 8; 33, 27, 10; 33, 28, 6; Tac. Agr. 31; 39; Suet. Tib. 22; id. Claud. 4; Ter. Phorm. 779; Plin. 12, 3, 7, § 14.—Very rarely in praesentia, at hand , on hand , on the spot : id quod in praesentia vestimentorum fuit, arripuit, Nep. Alcib. 10, 5; cf.: in re praesenti, infra: in rem praesentem venire, to go to the place itself , go to the very spot , for the sake of a closer examination, Cic. de Or. 1, 58, 250: in rem praesentem venias oportet, quia homines amplius oculis quam auribus credunt, Sen. Ep. 6, 5: in rem praesentem perducere audientes, to transport one's hearers to the very spot , Quint. 4, 2, 123: in re praesenti, in the place itself , on the spot : in re praesenti, ex copiā piscariā consulere, quid emam, aequom est, when I am on the spot , Plaut. Cas. 2, 8, 65; Liv. 40, 9: eodem anno inter populum Carthaginiensem et regem Masinissam in re praesenti disceptatores Romani de agro fuerunt, id. 40, 17; Quint. 6, 2, 31: praesenti bello, while war is raging , Nep. Them. 2, 1; so sup. : quod praesentissimis quibusque periculis desit, Quint. 10, 7, 1; and comp. : jam praesentior res erat, Liv. 2, 36, 5.—

B That happens or is done immediately , immediate , instant , prompt , ready , direct : praesens poena sit, the punishment might be instant , Cic. Div. 2, 59, 122: preces, immediate , not delayed , Prop. 2, 23, 64 (3, 28, 12): mercari praesenti pecuniā, with ready money , cash , Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 8; Cic. Clu. 12, 34: numerare praesentes denarios ducentos, Petr. 109: nummi, id. 137: supplicium, instant execution , Tac. A. 1, 38: Maelium praesenti morte multavit, Flor. 1, 26: praesens debitum, Dig. 12, 1, 9; 20, 1, 13: praesenti die dari, in ready money : quoties in obligationibus dies non ponitur, praesenti die pecunia debetur, ib. 45, 1, 41: libertatem aut praesenti die, aut sub condicione dare, ib. 28, 7, 22.—Hence, adv.: prae-sens (opp. in diem), forthwith , immediately : si, cum in diem mihi deberetur, fraudator praesens solverit, in ready money , in cash , Dig. 42, 9, 10: quod vel praesens vel ex die dari potest, ib. 7, 1, 4.—

C That operates immediately or quickly , instant , prompt , efficacious , powerful (i. q. valens): praesens auxilium oblatum est, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 49, § 107: non ulla magis praesens fortuna laborum est, no more effective cure for their troubles , Verg. G. 3, 452: quo non praesentius ullum, Pocula si quando saevae infecere novercae, id. ib. 2, 127: si quid praesentius audes, more effective , bolder , id. A. 12, 152: praesentissimum remedium, Col. 6, 14; Plin. 28, 5, 14, § 53.—With object clause : o diva ... Praesens vel imo tollere de gradu Mortale corpus, vel, etc., mighty , able , Hor. C. 1, 35, 2.—

D Of disposition or character, present , collected , resolute : animo virili praesentique ut sis, para, Ter. Phorm. 957: si cui virtus animusque in pectore praesens, Verg. A. 5, 363: animus acer et praesens, Cic. de Or. 2, 20, 84: non plures, sed etiam praesentioribus animis, Liv. 31, 46: praesentissimo animo pugnare, Auct. B. Alex. 40: Crassus, ut praesens ingenio semper respondit, Plin. 17, 1, 1, § 4.—

E Present , aiding , favoring , propitious : Hercules tantus, et tam praesens habetur deus, Cic. Tusc. 1, 12, 28; id. N. D. 2, 2, 6; 3, 5, 11: deus, Ter. Phorm. 345; cf.: tu dea, tu praesens, nostro succurre labori, Verg. A. 9, 404: modo diva triformis Adjuvet, et praesens ingentibus adnuat ausis, Ov. M. 7, 178.— Comp. : nihil illo (praesagio) praesentius, Flor. 4, 7, 9.—

F Appropriate , pertinent , timely : praesens hic quidemst apologus, Plaut. Stich. 4, 1, 38; cf.: en hercle praesens somnium, id. Mil. 2, 4, 41.

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