-
Pounds
·pl of <<Pound>>.
II. Pounds ·pl of <<Pound>>.
...
Webster's Dictionary of the English Language
-
honest-pounds
Used in contradistinction to "purser's pounds" (which see).
...
The Sailor's Word-Book
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Adelaide Buildings
In Adelaide Place, London Bridge (P.O. Directory). A block of buildings adjoining London Bridge. Nam...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Albert Buildings
On the south side of Queen Victoria Street at No.37, at the corner of Queen Street (P.O. Directory)....
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Albion Buildings
On the southern side of Bartholomew Close at Nos. 11 and 13(P.O. Directory). In Farringdon Ward With...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Aldersgate Buildings
East out of Aldersgate Street at No. 91 (P.O. Directory), In Aldersgate Ward Without.
First mention...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Alfred Buildings
On the west side of Cartwright Street, East Smithfield.
Erected by the Metropolitan Industrial Dwel...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Baker's Buildings
North out of Old Bethlem. In Bishopsgate Ward Without (Rocque, 1746-O.S. 1848-51).
Former name : " ...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Balmoral Buildings
On the south side of Queen Victoria Street at No. 91 (P.O. Directory). In Queenhithe Ward, between F...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Bank Buildings
1) On the west side of the Royal Exchange, at the junction of Cornhill, Poultry and Threadneedle Str...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Barnes's Buildings
North-east out of Gravel Lane, Houndsditch, at the south end of Mount Court, in Portsoken Ward (Elme...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Bartlett's Buildings
1) On the south side of Holborn Circus at Nos. 4, 5, and 6 (P.O. Directory.) In Farringdon Ward With...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Bell's Buildings
At the south-east corner of Salisbury Square, with a passage north to St. Bride's Church and east to...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Billingsgate Buildings
On the north side of Lower Thames Street, at Monument Street (P.O. Directory). In Billingsgate Ward....
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Bishopsgate Buildings
West out of Bishopsgate Street, in Bishopsgate Ward Without (Elmes, 1831-O.S. 1888).
Former name : ...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Blewitt's Buildings
East out of Fetter Lane at No. 55, in Farringdon Ward Without (Bacon, 1912).
First mention: Horwood...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Blyth's Buildings
North out of Lamb Alley, in Bishopsgate Ward Without (Elmes, 831-O.S. 1848-51).
Former names : "Bly...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Boreman's Buildings
Out of Bartholomew Lane (Boyle, 1799).
Not named in the maps.
...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Borer's Buildings
On the north side of Cutler Street, Houndsditch, at No. 31, in Portsoken Ward (Elmes, 1831).
No lat...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Bowman's Buildings
West out of Aldersgate Street at 159, leading to Queen Square (P.O. Directory). In Aldersgate Ward W...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Bradshaw's Buildings
See Tanfield Court.
...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Braime's Buildings
On the south side of Beech Street at No. 13, in Cripplegate Ward Without, near Beech Lane (P.O. Dire...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Braziers' Buildings
East out of Farringdon Street, between Bear Alley and Newcastle Street, in Farringdon Ward Without (...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Bream's Buildings
East out of Chancery Lane to Fetter Lane (P.O. Directory). Partly in Farringdon Ward Without, partly...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Bromley's Buildings
West out of Huggin Lane at No. 5 to Bread Street Hill (P.O Directory). In Queenhithe Ward.
First me...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Browns Buildings
West out of Princes Street, Rosemary Lane. In East Smithfield (Horwood, 1799, to Elmes, 1831).
Clea...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Brown's Buildings
1) In Upper East Smithfield at No. 116, nearly opposite Nightingale Lane (Lockie, 1810-Elmes, 1831)....
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Butler's Buildings
North out of Upper East Smithfield, at 40, leading into Crown Court (P.O. Directory).
Former name :...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Carlisle Buildings
See Carlisle Avenue.
...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Carpenter's Buildings
South out of London Wall, in Broad Street Ward (Rocque, 1746-O.S.).
A passage leading to the Dog an...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Chatham Buildings
In New Bridge Street (L.C.C. List, 1912).
First mention: L.C.C. List, 1991.
Not named in the maps....
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Clark's Buildings
North out of Snow Hill at No. 52, in Farringdon Ward Without (Horwood, 1799-O.S. 1848-51).
Removed ...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Coak's Buildings
North out of Stoney Lane, between Middlesex Street and Gravel Lane. In Portsoken Ward (O.S. 25 in. e...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Cockerill's Buildings
West out of Bartholomew Close, at No. 44, south of St. Bartholomew's Church (P.O. Directory).
First...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Coleman's Buildings
See Coleman Street Buildings.
...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Cole's Buildings
North out of Long Lane, west of Charterhouse Street, in Farringdon Ward Without (Horwood, 1799-L.C.C...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Cook's Buildings
In Stoney Lane, Gravel Lane, Houndsditch (Lockie, 1810-Elmes 1831).
See Coak's Buildings.
...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Copthall Buildings
East out of the southern end of Copthall Avenue to Throgmorton Avenue (P.O. Directory). In Coleman S...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Cornwall Buildings
In Queen Victoria Street (L.C.C. Lists, 1901 and 1912).
Now rebuilt.
...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Cripplegate Buildings
South out of Fore Street at No. 11 to Hart Street (P.O. Directory).
First mention: Horwood, 1799. S...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Crompton's Buildings
Near Middle Temple Gate, erected by Thomas Crompton about 1581 (Inner Temple Records, I. 313).
Name...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Crosby Buildings
At No. 6 Crosby Square (P.O. Directory). In Bishopsgate Ward.
First mention: L.C.C. List, 1901.
...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Crown Buildings
In Crown Court, Old Broad Street (L.C.C. List, 1912).
...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Dibbles Buildings
See Sun Court, Upper East Smithfield.
...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Dorset Buildings
East out of Dorset Street to Bridewell Place, in Farringdon Ward Without (P.O. Directory).
Leads to...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Drapers' Buildings
South out of London Wall, in Broad Street Ward, at No. 62 (Horwood, 1799-Elmes, 1831).
Former name ...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
(St.) Dunstan's Buildings
On the west side of St. Dunstan's Hill, adjoining St. Dunstan's Church, in Tower Ward (P.O. Director...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Dyer's Buildings
South out of Holborn Bars at No. 18 (P.O. Directory), west of Barnard's Inn. In Farringdon Ward With...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Exchange Buildings
1) See Royal Exchange Buildings.
2) South out of Cutler Street. In Portsoken Ward (L.C.C. List of S...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Farrar's Buildings
See Farrier's Buildings.
...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Farrier's Buildings
West out of Inner Temple Lane, within the Temple precincts (L.C.C. List, 1912).
First mention: "Far...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Fenchurch Buildings
North out of Fenchurch Street at No. 107 (P.O. Directory). In Aldgate Ward.
Erected 1734.
Former s...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Fenton's Buildings
In Bartholomew Close, in Farringdon Ward Without (L.C.C. List, 1912).
In existence 1915.
...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
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Fowke's Buildings
Soutb out of Great Tower Street at Nos. 24 and 25, between Harp Lane and Water Lane. In Tower Ward (...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Fowler's Buildings
In Little Tower Street (Boyle, 1799).
Not named in the maps.
...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Goldsmith Buildings
On the north side of the Temple Church, within the Temple precincts, in Farringdon Ward Without (P.O...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Gould Buildings
At Holbom Bridge, 1597 (H. MSS. Com. 7th Rep. 541).
Not further identified.
...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Gresham Buildings
On the east side of Basinghall Street at No. 1 (P.O. Directory). In Bassishaw Ward.
First mention: ...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Guildhall Buildings
1) East out of Guildhall Yard to Basinghall Street (P.O. Directory). In Cheap and Bassishaw Wards.
...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Harcourt Buildings
On the east side of Middle Temple Lane, within the Temple precincts (P.O. Directory).
First mention...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Harrison's Buildings
Mr. Harrison's new buildings on the east side of the Inner Temple precincts, 1577-8 (I.T. Rec. I. 29...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Hern's Buildings
See Hurn's Buildings.
...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Heyward's Buildings
See Paper Buildings.
...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Holborn Buildings
On the north side of Holborn at No. 146, west of Brooke Street (P.O. Directory).
First mention: O.S...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Howford Buildings
North out of Fenchurch Street at 148 (P.O. Directory). In Langbourn Ward.
First mention: O.S. 1875)...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Hurle's Buildings
East out of Garlick Hill (Lockie, 1810-Elmes, 1831).
Named after the builder, who died about the co...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Hurn's Buildings
North out of Upper East Smithfield at No. 34 (P.O. Directory).
Former names : "Crown Court" (part) ...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Imperial Buildings
On the east side of New Bridge Street, near Pilgrim Street (P.O. Directory).
First mention: L.C.C. ...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Jackson's Buildings
East out of Redcross Street, on the north side of Paul's Alley (Lockie, 1810-Elmes, 1831).
Not name...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Katherine Buildings
On the west side of Cartwright Street, East Smithfield.
Erected, with other blocks, on both the eas...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Lamb's Buildings
South of the Temple Church, in the centre of Tanfield Court, within the Temple precincts (P.O. Direc...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Lauderdale Buildings
East out of Aldersgate Street, at No. 57, in Aldersgate Ward Without (P.O. Directory).
First mentio...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Leadenhall Buildings
East out of Gracechurch Street at No. 80, leading into Leadenhall Market (Lockie, 1810-Elmes, 1831)....
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Leathersellers' Buildings
South out of London Wall to Little Bell Alley, in Broad Street Ward (Horwood, 1799-O.S.).
Site occu...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Loat's Buildings
North out of Upper East Smithfield at No. 8 (P.O. Directory, 1912).
A very mean court.
Seems to ha...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Luther's Buildings
Adjoined the east side of Middle Temple Gate, erected by A. Luther, Master of the Utter Bar, 1614-15...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Market Buildings
In Mincing Lane at No. 29 (P.O. Directory).
First named, 1872 (L.C.C. List, 1901).
...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
(St.) Matthew's Buildings
See Saracen's Head Inn, Friday Street.
...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
McLean's Buildings
In New Street Square at No. 16, at the corner of Dean Street (P.O. Directory).
First mention: L.C.C...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Merrett's Buildings
West out of Peter Street, in Bishopsgate Ward Without (Horwood, 1799-O.S. 1848-51).
Formerly the we...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Metropolitan Buildings
On the south side of Queen Victoria Street at No. 55 adjoining the Mansion House Station (P.O. Direc...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Milton Buildings
On the south side of Watling Street at No. 18 (P.O. Directory).
First mention: L.C.C. List, 1901.
...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Mitre Buildings
At the south end of Mitre Court, Fleet Street (Elmes, 1831).
Not named in the maps.
...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Monument Buildings
On the north side of Monument Street at No. 11, adjoining Fish Street Hill (P.O. Directory).
First ...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
New Buildings
1) North out of Sun Yard, Nightingale Lane (Horwood, I 799-Lockie, 1810).
Former name: "Vinegar Yar...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
North Buildings
In Eldon Street, Finsbury (L.C.C. List, 1901).
Not named in the maps.
...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Packer Buildings
West out of Mitre Court, within the Temple precincts (Lockie, 1810-Elmes, 1831).
Not named in the m...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Palmersten Buildings
See Palmerston House.
...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Paper Buildings
On the west side of King's Bench Walk, within the Temple precincts (P.O. Directory).
First mention:...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Peck's Buildings
On the west side of King's Bench Walk, within the Temple precincts (Lockie, 1816).
Not further iden...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Phill's Buildings
See Phil's Buildings.
...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Phil's Buildings
East out of Houndsditch at No.106, adjoining the boundaries of Portsoken and Bishopsgate Wards. In P...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Pullen's Buildings
In Albion Place, Moorgate (L.C.C. List, 1901).
...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Queen's Buildings
1) On the west side of Old Bailey at No. 18 (P.O. Directory). In Farringdon Ward Without.
First men...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Richards' Buildings
On the west side of Shoe Lane, in Farringdon Ward Without (O.S. 1880, and Collingwood, 1907).
First...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Rochester Buildings
On the north side of Leadenhall Street at No. 138, adjoining 8haft's Court (P.O. Directory).
First ...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Rolls' Buildings
West out of Fetter Lane at No.133, north of the Record Office (P.O. Directory). In Farringdon Ward W...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Roper's Buildings
North out of White Street, Houndsditch. In Portsoken Ward (Horwood, 1799-O.S. 25 in. 1880).
Former ...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Rowman's Buildings
See Bowman's Buildings.
...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Saville Buildings
North out of Aldgate High Street. In Portsoken Ward (Lockie, 1810-O.S. 25 in. 1880).
Former names: ...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Sharp's Buildings
See Mitre Street.
...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Slade's Buildings
West out of Angel Square, north of Smith's Buildings, in Bishopsgate Ward Without (Horwood, 1799-Elm...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Smith's Buildings
1) North of Kingsdown Place and Clements Place, Lamb Alley In Bishopsgate Ward Without (Horwood, 179...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Somerset Buildings
On the north side of Upper Thames Street, at Fyefoot Lane in Queenhithe Ward (P.O. Directory).
Firs...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Tokenhouse Buildings
On the west side of Tokenhouse Yard at No.17 in King's Arms' Yard (P.O. Directory).
First mention: ...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Tower Buildings
See Tower Chambers.
...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Trinity Buildings
1) South out of Great Tower Street, opposite All Hallows Barking-Church (O.S. 25 in. 1880, and Colli...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Twisden's Buildings
At the southern end of Inner Temple Lane, within the Temple precincts (Lockie, 1810-Elmes, 1831; and...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Viaduct Buildings
In Great Saffron Hill. Partly within the City boundary, in Farringdon Ward Without, and partly witho...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Victoria Buildings
On the south side of Queen Victoria Street at No. 27 (P.O. Directory).
First mention: L.C.C. List, ...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Walbrook Buildings
See Worcester House2, Walbrook.
...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Westmoreland Buildings
West out of Aldersgate Street at No. 179 to Albion Buildings (P.O. Directory). In Aldersgate Ward an...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Winchester Buildings
In Great Winchester Street (L.C.C. List, 1912).
Erected 1871.
...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Winkworth Buildings
At the north-west end of Austin Friars, Nos. 15-18, in Bread Street Ward (Rocque, 1746-Boyle, 1799)....
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Wright's Buildings
North out of Chick Lane to Duke's Court on the northern boundary of Farringdon Ward Without (Horwood...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Young's Buildings
1) North out of Church Alley in Basiughall Street, in Bassishaw Ward (Lockie, 1810-Elmes, 1831).
Fo...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
marine buildings
Those constructed for making or preserving ships, as docks, arsenals, store-houses, &c.
...
The Sailor's Word-Book
-
Billiter Square Buildings
At No. 1 Billiter Square (P.O. Directory). In Aldgate Ward.
First mention: L.C.C. List, 1912.
...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Blue Coat Buildings
See King Edward Street.
...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Bridgewater Square Buildings
At the junction of Bridgewater Square and Hart's Court (L.C.C. List, 1912). In Cripplegate Ward With...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Broad Street Buildings
South out of Liverpool Street, at Nos. 2, 5, and 11 (P.O. Directory).
Formerly these buildings form...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Coleman Street Buildings
East out of Coleman Street at No. 72 (P.O. Directory) across Moorgate Street east and then south to ...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Dr. Johnson's Buildings
In Inner Temple Lane, within the Temple Precincts (P.O. Directory).
Erected 1859, on the site of Dr...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Hare Court Buildings
Within the Temple precincts, on the west side of the Temple Gardens (Strype, ed. 1755-Elmes, 1831).
...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Joiners' Hall Buildings
South out of Upper Thames Street, at No. 78, to Greenwich Street, between Bell Wharf Lane and Friars...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
King's Arms Buildings
1) East out of Wood Street at No. 10, in Cripplegate Ward Within (O.S. 1875).
It adjoins the site o...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
London Wall Buildings
On the north side of London Wall, at Blomfield Street. In Coleman Street Ward (P.O. Directory).
Fir...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Ludgate Circus Buildings
On the east side of Farringdon Street at No. 1, in Farringdon Ward Without (P.O. Directory).
First ...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Mansion House Buildings
On the north side of Queen Victoria Street at No. 2 (P.O. Directory).
First mention: L.C.C. List, 1...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Metropolitan Bank Buildings
At Nos. 59 and 60 Gracechurch Street (P.O. Directory). In Bridge Ward Within.
On the site of Crown ...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Milk Street Buildings
In Milk Street at No. 1, adjoining Honey Lane Market (P.O Directory).
First mention: L.C.C. List, 1...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Mitre Court Buildings
At the north end of King's Bench Walk, south of Mitre Court, within the Inner Temple Precincts (P.O....
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Moorgate Station Buildings
(L.C.C. List, 1901).
Now part of Moorfields (q.v.).
...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Moorgate Street Buildings
On the east side of Moorgate Street, at No. 20, to Copthall Avenue (P.O. Directory). In Coleman Stre...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Plowden's Buildings, Chambers
In the Middle Temple, near Essex Court (P.O. Directory). Mentioned 1676 (In. Temple Records, p.123)....
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Red Lion Buildings
On the south side of Cock Lane at No.6 (P.O. Directory), extending to the back of St. Sepulchre's Ch...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Royal Exchange Buildings
South out of Threadneedle Street, at No. 1, to 82 Corn-hill (P.O. Directory), on the east side of th...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Royal Hotel (De Keyser's) Buildings
On the north side of Victoria Embankment, west of Blackfriars Station (P.O. Directory). In Farringdo...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Stationers' Hall Buildings
On the north side of Ludgate Hill at No, 30, near Stationers' Hall Court (P.O. Directory). In Farrin...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Farecloath's Buildings, Huggin Lane
See Faircloth Court.
...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Great Winchester Street Buildings
On the north side of Great Winchester Street, at No. 1, in Broad Street Ward (L.C.C. List, 1912).
A...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
New Buildings, Coleman Street
See New Court6, Little Bell Alley.
...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Smith's Buildings, Billiter Street
See Smith's Rents and Fishmonger Alley.
...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.
-
Stable Yard, Baker's Buildings
North out of Baker's Buildings, in Bishopsgate Ward Without (Rocque, 1746).
The site is now occupie...
A Dictionary of London by Henry A Harben.