rĕ-fĕro, rettŭli (also written retuli), rĕlātum (rēlātum or rellatum, Lucr. 2, 1001), rĕferre, v. a. irr., to bear, carry, bring, draw, or give back (very freq. and class.; cf.: reduco, reporto, retraho).
I Lit.
A In gen.: zonas, quas plenas argenti extuli, eas ex provinciā inanes rettuli, C. Gracchus ap. Gell. 15, 12 fin. : arma, Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 25: vasa domum, id. Poen. 4, 2, 25; cf.: pallam domum, id. Men. 5, 7, 59; 4, 2, 97; 98; cf.: anulum ad me, id. Cas. 2, 1, 1; and simply pallam, spinther, id. Men. 3, 3, 16; 5, 1, 5; 5, 2, 56: secum aurum, id. Aul. 4, 5, 4: exta, id. Poen. 2, 44: uvidum rete sine squamoso pecu, id. Rud. 4, 3, 5: aestus aliquem in portum refert, id. As. 1, 3, 6: Auster me ad tribulos tuos Rhegium rettulit, Cic. Fam. 12, 25, 3: ut naves eodem, unde erant profectae, reterrentur, Caes. B. G. 4, 28: me referunt pedes in Tusculanum, Cic. Att. 15, 16, B; cf.: aliquem lecticae impositum domum, Suet. Caes. 82; and: in Palatium, id. Vit. 16: intro referre pedem, to turn one’s feet back , to return , Plaut. Merc. 5, 4, 50; cf.: incertus tuum cave ad me rettuleris pedem, id. Ep. 3, 4, 3: caelo rettulit illa pedem, Ov. H. 16, 88; 15, 186: fertque refertque pedes, id. F. 6, 334 (for a different use of the phrase, v. infra B. 2.): in decimum vestigia rettulit annum (victoria), Verg. A. 11, 290: in convivia gressum, Sil. 11, 355: in thalamos cursum, id. 8, 89: ad nomen caput ille refert, turns his head , looks back , Ov. M. 3, 245: suumque Rettulit os in se, drew back , concealed , id. ib. 2, 303: ad Tuneta rursum castra refert, Liv. 30, 16: corpus in monumentum, Petr. 113: relatis Lacedaemona (ossibus), Just. 3, 3, 12: gemmam non ad os, sed ad genas, Ov. Tr. 5, 4, 5: digitos ad os referre, to draw back (v. digitus), Quint. 11, 3, 103: digitos ad frontem saepe, Ov. M. 15, 567: manum ad capulum, Tac. A. 15, 58 fin. : rursus enses vaginae, Sil. 7, 508: pecunias monumentaque, in templum, Caes. B. C. 2, 21: caput ejus in castra, id. B. G. 5, 58: vulneratos in locum tutum, id. B. C. 2, 41: cornua (urorum) in publicum, id. B. G. 6, 28: frumentum omne ad se referri jubet, id. ib. 7, 71: signa militaria, scutum, litteras ad Caesarem, id. ib. 7, 88; id. B. C. 3, 53; 3, 99; id. B. G. 1, 29; 5, 49: Caesaris capite relato, id. B. C. 3, 19 fin. —
b Esp.: referre se, to go back , return : Romam se rettulit, Cic. Fl. 21, 50: sese in castra, Caes. B. C. 1, 72 fin. : se huc, id. ib. 2, 8, 2: domum me Ad porri catinum, Hor. S. 1, 6, 115: sese ab Argis (Juno), Verg. A. 7, 286: se ab aestu, Ov. M. 14, 52; cf.: se de Britannis ovans, Tac. A. 13, 32: causam Cleanthes offert, cur se sol referat, Cic. N. D. 3, 14, 37.—
c Pass. in mid. sense, to return , arrive : sin reiciemur, tamen eodem paulo tardius referamur necesse est, Cic. Tusc. 1, 49, 119: classem relatam, Verg. A. 1, 390: nunc Itali in tergum versis referuntur habenis, Sil. 4, 317; 7, 623.—
d To withdraw , remove : fines benignitatis introrsus referre, to narrow , Sen. Ben. 1, 14, 5: Seleucia ab mari relata, remote , Plin. 5, 27, 22, § 93. —
B In partic.
1 To give back something due; to give up , return , restore , pay back , repay (= reddere): scyphos, quos utendos dedi Philodamo, rettuleritne? Plaut. As. 2, 4, 34; cf. id. Aul. 4, 10, 29; 37; 38; and, pateram (surreptam), Cic. Div. 1, 25, 54: argentum, Plaut. Ps. 2, 2, 29; so (with reddere) id. Curc. 5, 3, 45: mercedem (with reddere), id. As. 2, 4, 35; cf.: octonis idibus aera, to pay the money for tuition . Hor. S. 1, 6, 75 (v. idus): si non Rettuleris pannum, id. Ep. 1, 17, 32; 1, 6, 60: verum, si plus dederis, referam, Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 112.—
2 Referre pedem or gradum, as a milit. t. t., to draw back , retire , withdraw , retreat (different from the gen. signif., to return, and the above passages): vulneribus defessi pedem referre coeperunt, Caes. B. G. 1, 25; cf.: ut paulatim cedant ac pedem referant, id. B. C. 2, 40; Liv. 7, 33; so, referre pedem, Caes. B. C. 1, 44 (with loco excedere); Cic. Phil. 12, 3 (opp. insistere); Liv. 3, 60 (opp. restituitur pugna); 21, 8 al.— For the sake of euphony: referre gradum: cum pedes referret gradum, Liv. 1, 14. — And, in a like sense, once mid.: a primā acie ad triarios sensim referebatur, Liv. 8, 8, 11.—
b Transf., out of the milit. sphere: feroque viso retulit retro pedem (viator), Phaedr. 2, 1, 8; cf.: viso rettulit angue pedem, Ov. F. 2, 342; 6, 334: rettulit ille gradus horrueruntque comae, id. ib. 2, 502: (in judiciis) instare proficientibus et ab iis, quae non adjuvant, quam mollissime pedem oportet referre, Quint. 6, 4, 19.
II Trop., to bear or carry back , to bring , draw , or give back.
A In gen.: (Saxum) ejulatu ... Resonando mutum flebiles voces refert, Att. ap. Cic. Fin. 2, 29, 94 (Trag. Rel. p. 176 Rib.); cf. Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 14, § 42: sonum, id. N. D. 2, 57, 144; id. Or. 12, 38; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 201 al.: voces, Ov. M. 12, 47; cf.: Coëamus rettulit Echo, id. ib. 3, 387: cum ex CXXV. judicibus reus L. referret, restored to the list, i. e. retained , accepted (opp. quinque et LXX. reiceret), Cic. Planc. 17: o mihi praeteritos referat si Juppiter annos! Verg. A. 8, 560; cf.: tibi tempora, Hor. C. 4, 13, 13: festas luces (sae culum), id. ib. 4, 6, 42: dies siccos (sol), id. ib. 3, 29, 20 et saep.: hoc quidem jam periit: Ni quid tibi hinc in spem referas, Plaut. Ep. 3, 2, 3: ad amicam meras querimonias referre, id. Truc. 1, 2, 65: hic in suam domum ignominiam et calamitatem rettulit, Cic. Off. 1, 39, 138; cf.: pro re certā spem falsam domum rettulerunt, id. Rosc. Am. 38, 110: rem publicam sistere negat posse, nisi ad equestrem ordinem judicia referantur, id. Verr. 2, 3, 96, § 223: servati civis decus referre, Tac. A. 3, 21: e cursu populari referre aspectum in curiam, to turn back , turn towards , Cic. Prov. Cons. 16, 38; cf.: oculos animumque ad aliquem, id. Quint. 14, 47: animum ad studia, id. de Or. 1, 1, 1: animum ad veritatem, id. Rosc. Am. 16, 48: animum ad firmitudinem, Tac. A. 3, 6 et saep.: multa dies variique labor mutabilis aevi Rettulit in melius, brought to a better state , Verg. A. 11, 426: uterque se a scientiae delectatione ad efficiendi utilitatem refert, Cic. Rep. 5, 3, 5; so, se ad philosophiam referre, to go back , return , id. Off. 2, 1, 4: ut eo, unde digressa est, referat se oratio, id. ib. 2, 22, 77.—
B In partic.
1 (Acc. to I. B. 1.) To pay back , give back , repay (syn. reddo): denique Par pari referto, Ter. Eun. 445; cf.: quod ab ipso adlatum est, id sibi esse relatum putet, id. Phorm. 21: ut puto, non poteris ipsa referre vicem, pay him back in his own coin , Ov. A. A. 1, 370; Sen. Herc. Fur. 1337. — Esp. in the phrase referre gratiam (rarely gratias), to return thanks , show one’s gratitude (by deeds), to recompense , requite (cf.: gratiam habeo): spero ego mihi quoque Tempus tale eventurum, ut tibi gratium referam parem, Plaut. Merc. 5, 4, 39: parem gratiam, Ter. Eun. 718: et habetur et refertur, Thais, a me ita, uti merita es, gratia, id. ib. 750; cf.: meritam gratiam debitamque, Cic. de Or. 3, 4, 14: justam ac debitam gratiam, id. Balb. 26, 59: pro eo mihi ac mereor relaturos esse gratiam, id. Cat. 4, 2, 3; 1, 11, 28; id. Off. 2, 20, 69: fecisti ut tibi numquam referre gratiam possim, Plaut. Capt. 5, 1, 12; id. Most. 1, 3, 57; id. Pers. 5, 2, 71; id. Ps. 1, 3, 86; id. Rud. 5, 3, 36 al.; Cic. Lael. 15, 53; Caes. B. G. 1, 35: alicui pro ejus meritis gratiam referre, id. ib. 5, 27 fin. ; id. B. C. 2, 39; 3, 1, fin. : gratiam emeritis, Ov. P. 1, 7, 61: gratiam factis, id. Tr. 5, 4, 47.— Plur. : pro tantis eorum in rem publicam meritis honores ei habeantur gratiaeque referantur, Cic. Phil. 3, 15, 39; 10, 11, 1: dis advenientem gratias pro meritis agere, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 27; v. gratia.—
2 To bring back any thing; to repeat , renew , restore , = repetere, retractare, renovare, etc.: (Hecyram) Iterum referre, to produce it again , Ter. Hec. 7; id. ib. 29 and 38; cf. Hor. A. P. 179.— So, to bring up for reconsideration : rem judicatam, Cic. Dom. 29, 78: ludunt ... Dictaeos referunt Curetas, Lucr. 2, 633: Actia pugna per pueros refertur, Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 62: institutum referri ac renovari, Cic. Div. in Caecil. 21, 68; cf.: consuetudo longo intervallo repetita ac relata, id. ib. 21, 67: te illud idem, quod tum explosum et ejectum est, nunc rettulisse demiror, Cic. Clu. 31, 86: cum ad idem, unde semel profecta sunt, cuncta astra redierint eandemque totius caeli descriptionem longis intervallis retulerint, id. Rep. 6, 22, 24: mysteria ad quae biduo serius veneram, id. de Or. 3, 20, 75: quasdam caerimonias ex magno intervallo, Liv. 3, 55: antiquum morem, Suet. Caes. 20: consuetudinem antiquam, id. Tib. 32 et saep.: cum aditus consul idem illud responsum rettulit, repeated , Liv. 37, 6 fin. : veterem Valeriae gentis in liberandā patriā laudem, to restore , Cic. Fl. 1, 1: hunc morem, hos casus atque haec certamina primus Ascanius Rettulit, Verg. A. 5, 598: O mihi praeteritos referat si Juppiter annos, id. ib. 8, 560.—
b To represent , set forth anew , reproduce , etc.: referre Naturam, mores, victum motusque parentum, to reproduce , Lucr. 1, 597: majorum vultus vocesque comasque, id. 4, 1221: mores, os vultusque ejus (sc. patris), Plin. Ep. 5, 16, 9: parentis sui speciem, Liv. 10, 7; cf.: (Tellus) partim figuras Rettulit antiquas, partim nova monstra creavit, Ov. M. 1, 437: faciem demptā pelle novam, Tib. 1, 8, 46: temporis illius vultum, Ov. M. 13, 443: si quis mihi parvulus aulā Luderet Aeneas, qui te tamen ore referret, might represent , resemble thee , Verg. A. 4, 329; cf.: nomine avum referens, animo manibusque parentem, id. ib. 12, 348: Marsigni sermone vultuque Suevos referunt, Tac. G. 43: neque amissos colores lana refert, Hor. C. 3, 5, 28.—
3 To convey a report , account , intelligence , by speech or by writing; to report , announce , relate , recite , repeat , recount; to mention , allege (class.; in late Lat. saepissime): certorum hominum sermones referebantur ad me, Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 10 Orell. N. cr. : tales miserrima fletus Fertque refertque soror (sc. ad Aeneam), Verg. A. 4, 438: pugnam referunt, Ov. M. 12, 160: factum dictumve, Liv. 6, 40: si quis hoc referat exemplum, Quint. 5, 11, 8: in epistulis Cicero haec Bruti refert verba, id. 6, 3, 20: quale refert Cicero de homine praelongo, caput eum, etc., id. 6, 3, 67 et saep.: quaecunque refers, Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 60; 2, 1, 130: sermones deorum, id. C. 3, 3, 71: multum referens de Maecenate, Juv. 1, 66. —With obj.-clause , Suet. Caes. 30; Ov. M. 1, 700; 4, 796: Celso gaudere et bene rem gerere refer, Hor. Ep. 1, 8, 2 al.; cf. poet. by Greek attraction: quia rettulit Ajax Esse Jovis pronepos, Ov. M. 13, 141; and: referre aliquid in annales, Liv. 4, 34 fin. , and 43, 13, 2: ut Proetum mulier perfida credulum Falsis impulerit criminibus, refert, Hor. C. 3, 7, 16.— Absol. : quantum, inquam, debetis? Respondent CVI. Refero ad Scaptium, I report , announce it to Scaptius , Cic. Att. 5, 21, 12: in quo primum saepe aliter est dictum, aliter ad nos relatum, reported , stated , id. Brut. 57, 288: (Hortensius) nullo referente, omnia adversariorum dicta meminisset, id. ib. 88, 301: abi, quaere, et refer, Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 53. —
b Poet. (mostly in Ovid), to repeat to one’s self , call to mind : tacitāque recentia mente Visa refert, Ov. M. 15, 27: si forte refers, id. Am. 2, 8, 17: haec refer, id. R. Am. 308: saepe refer tecum sceleratae facta puellae, id. ib. 299: mente memor refero, id. M. 15, 451: foeda Lycaoniae referens convivia mensae, id. ib. 1, 165; cf.: illam meminitque refertque, id. ib. 11, 563.—
c Pregn., to say in return , to rejoin , answer , reply (syn. respondeo): id me non ad meam defensionem attulisse, sed illorum defensioni rettulisse, Cic. Caecin. 29, 85: ego tibi refero, I reply to you , id. ib. 29, § 84: ut si esset dictum, etc., et referret aliquis Ergo, etc., id. Fat. 13, 30: quid a nobis autem refertur, id. Quint. 13, 44: retices; nec mutua nostris Dicta refers, Ov. M. 1, 656; 14, 696: Musa refert, id. ib. 5, 337; id. F. 5, 278: Anna refert, Verg. A. 4, 31: talia voce, id. ib. 1, 94: pectore voces, id. ib. 5, 409: tandem pauca refert, id. ib. 4, 333 et saep. —
d Publicists’ t. t.
α To bring , convey , deliver any thing as an official report, to report , announce , notify , = renuntiare: legati haec se ad suos relaturos dixerunt, Caes. B. G. 4, 9; cf.: cujus orationem legati domum referunt, id. B. C. 1, 35: responsa (legati), Cic. Fragm. ap. Non. 380, 31: legationem Romam, Liv. 7, 32: mandata ad aliquem, Caes. B. C. 3, 57: responsa, id. B. G. 1, 35; cf.: mandata alicui, id. ib. 1, 37: numerum capitum ad aliquem, id. ib. 2, 33 fin. : rumores excipere et ad aliquem referre, Cic. Deiot. 9, 25; cf. Caes. B. G. 1, 47: Ubii paucis diebus intermissis referunt, Suevos omnes, etc., id. ib. 6, 10; Liv. 3, 38, 12.—
β Ad senatum de aliquā re referre (less freq with acc., a rel.-clause , or absol. ), to make a motion or proposition in the Senate; to consult , refer to , or lay before the Senate; to move , bring forward , propose : VTI L. PAVLVS C. MARCELLVS COSS... DE CONSVLARIBVS PROVINCIIS AD SENATVM REFERRENT, NEVE QVID PRIVS ... AD SENATVM REFERRENT, NEVE QVID CONIVNCTVM DE EA RE REFERRETVR A CONSVLIBVS, S. C. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 5 sq.: de legibus abrogandis ad senatum referre. Cic. Cornel. 1, Fragm. 8 (p. 448 Orell.); cf.: de quo legando consules spero ad senatum relaturos, id. Imp. Pomp. 19, 58: de ejus honore ad senatum referre, id. Phil. 8, 11, 33: de eā re postulant uti referatur. Itaque consulente Cicerone frequens senatus decernit, etc., Sall. C. 48, 5, 6: rem ad senatum refert, id. ib. 29, 1; cf.: tunc relata ex integro res ad senatum, Liv. 21, 5: rem ad senatum, id. 2, 22: consul convocato senatu refert, quid de his fieri placeat, qui, etc., Sall. C. 50, 3: ut ex litteris ad senatum referretur, impetrari (a consulibus) non potuit. Referunt consules de re publicā, Caes. B. C. 1, 1; cf.: refer, inquis, ad senatum. Non referam, Cic. Cat. 1, 8, 20.— Of other bodies than the Senate (cf.: defero, fero): C. Cassium censorem de signo Concordiae dedicando ad pontificum collegium rettulisse, Cic. Dom. 53, 136: eam rem ad consilium cum rettulisset Fabius. Liv. 24, 45, 2; 30, 4, 9: est quod referam ad consilium, id. 30, 31, 9; 44, 2, 5; Curt. 4, 11, 10.— Per syllepsin : DE EA RE AD SENATVM POPVLVMQVE REFERRI, since referre ad populum was not used in this sense (for ferre ad populum); v. fero, and the foll. γ: de hoc (sc. Eumene) Antigonus ad consilium rettulit, Nep. Eum. 12, 1.—Transf., to make a reference , to refer (class.): de rebus et obscuris et incertis ad Apollinem censeo referendum; ad quem etiam Athenienses publice de majoribus rebus semper rettulerunt, Cic. Div. 1, 54, 122; cf. Nep. Lys. 3; Cic. Quint. 16, 53.— Different from this is, *
γ Referre ad populum (for denuo ferre), to propose or refer any thing anew to the people (cf. supra, II. B. 2.; v. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 1006): factum est illorum aequitate et sapientiā consulum, ut id, quod senatus decreverat, id postea referendum ad populum non arbitrarentur, Cic. Clu. 49, 137; cf. Att. ap. Non. p. 512, 29; Liv. 22, 20; Val. Max. 8, 10, 1.—
e A mercantile and publicists’ t. t., to note down , enter any thing in writing; to inscribe , register , record , etc.: cum scirem, ita indicium in tabulas publicas relatum, Cic. Sull. 15, 42: in tabulas quodcumque commodum est, id. Fl. 9, 20: nomen in tabulas, in codicem, id. Rosc. Com. 1, 4: quod reliquum in commentarium, id. Att. 7, 3, 7: quid in libellum, id. Phil. 1, 8, 19: tuas epistulas in volumina, i. e. to admit , id. Fam. 16, 17 init. ; cf.: orationem in Origines, id. Brut. 23, 89 al.: in reos, in proscriptos referri, to be set down among , id. Rosc. Am. 10, 27: absentem in reos, id. Verr. 2, 5, 42, § 109; cf.: aliquem inter proscriptos, Suet. Aug. 70: anulos quoque depositos a nobilitate, in annales relatum est, Plin. 33, 1, 6, § 18: senatūs consulta falsa (sc. in aerarium), enter , register , Cic. Fam. 12, 1, 1; id. Phil. 5, 4, 12. —Entirely absol. : ut nec triumviri accipiundo nec scribae referundo sufficerent, Liv. 26, 36 fin. —Here, too, belongs referre rationes or aliquid (in rationibus, ad aerarium, ad aliquem, alicui), to give , present , or render an account : rationes totidem verbis referre ad aerarium, Cic. Fam. 5, 20, 2; and rationes referre alone: in rationibus referendis ... rationum referendarum jus, etc., id. ib. 5, 20, 1; id. Pis. 25, 61; id. Verr. 2, 1, 30, § 77; 2, 3, 71, § 167: referre rationes publicas ad Caesarem cum fide, Caes. B. C. 2, 20 fin. : si hanc ex fenore pecuniam populo non rettuleris, reddas societati, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 71, § 167: (pecuniam) in aerarium, Liv. 37, 57, 12; cf.: pecuniam operi publico, to charge to , i. e. to set down as applied to , Cic. Fl. 19, 44.— So, too, acceptum and in acceptum referre, to place to one’s credit , in a lit. and trop. sense (v. accipio).— Hence, transf.: aliquem (aliquid) in numero (as above, in rationibus), in numerum, etc., to count or reckon a person or thing among : Democritus, qui imagines eorumque circuitus in deorum numero refert, Cic. N. D. 1, 12, 29: (Caesar, Claudius) in deorum numerum relatus est, Suet. Caes. 88; id. Claud. 45: Ponticus Heraclides terram et caelum refert in deos, Cic. N. D. 1, 13, 34: nostri oratorii libri in Eundem librorum numerum referendi videntur, id. Div. 2, 1, 4: hoc nomen in codicem relatum, id. Rosc. Com. B. and K. (al. in codice).—With inter (postAug. and freq.): ut inter deos referretur (August.), Suet. Aug. 97: diem inter festos, nefastos, Tac. A. 13, 41 fin. : hi tamen inter Germanos referuntur, id. G. 46; Suet. Claud. 11; id. Tib. 53: dumque refert inter meritorum maxima, demptos Aesonis esse situs, Ov. M. 7, 302: intellectum est, quod inter divos quoque referretur, Lampr. Alex. Sev. 14: inter sidera referre, Hyg. Fab. 192: inter praecipua crudelitatis indicia referendus, Val. Max. 9, 2, ext. 5: inter insulas, Plin. 5, 9, 9, § 48: dicebat quasdam esse quaestiones, quae deberent inter res judicatas referri, Sen. Contr. 2, 11, 12: eodem Q. Caepionem referrem, I should place in the same category , Cic. Brut. 62, 223.—
4 Referre aliquid ad aliquid, to trace back , ascribe , refer a thing to any thing: qui pecudum ritu ad voluptatem omnia referunt, Cic. Lael. 9, 32: omnia ad igneam vim, id. N. D. 3, 14, 35: omnia ad incolumitatem et ad libertatem suam, id. Rep. 1, 32, 49; 1, 26, 41: in historiā quaeque ad veritatem, in poëmate pleraque ad delectationem, id. Leg. 1, 1, 5; id. Off. 1, 16, 52 et saep. al.: hunc ipsum finem definiebas id esse, quo omnia, quae recte fierent, referrentur, neque id ipsum usquam referretur, id. Fin. 2, 2, 5; cf. nusquam, id. ib. 1, 9, 29: ad commonendum oratorem, quo quidque referat, id. de Or. 1, 32, 145: hinc omne principium, huc refer exitum, Hor. C. 3, 6, 6.— With dat.: cujus adversa pravitati ipsius, prospera ad fortunam referebat, Tac. A. 14, 38 fin. — In Tac. once with in : quidquid ubique magnificum est, in claritatem ejus (sc. Herculis) referre consensimus, Tac. G. 34.—Rarely of persons; as: tuum est Caesar, quid nunc mihi animi sit, ad te ipsum referre, Cic. Deiot. 2, 7.— Absol. : ita inserere oportet referentem ad fructum, meliore genere ut sit surculus, etc., one who looks to or cares for the fruit , Varr. R. R. 1, 40, 6.—
5 Culpam in aliquem referre, to throw the blame upon , accuse , hold responsible for , etc. (post-Aug.): hic, quod in adversis rebis solet fieri, alius in alium culpam referebant, Curt. 4, 3, 7; Aug. contr. Man. 2, 17, 25 Hier. Epp. 1, 9 fin. : cf.: augere ejus, in quem referet crimen, culpam, Cic. Inv. 2, 28, 83: causa ad matrem referebatur, Tac. A. 6, 49: causam abscessus ad Sejani artes, id. ib. 4, 57.